ArticleBMC cell biology2011
Unfertilized frog eggs die by apoptosis following meiotic exit.
Article in BMC cell biology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Functional Roles of Src Kinase Activity in Oocyte Maturation and Artificial Egg Activation inCells · 2026Article
- TheBiomolecules · 2025Review
- Egg Overactivation-An Overlooked Phenomenon of Gamete Physiology.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Aging oocytes: exploring apoptosis and its impact on embryonic development in common carp (Cyprinus carpio).Journal of animal science · 2025Article
- Spontaneous Overactivation ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Evaluation of viability, developmental competence, and apoptosis-related transcripts duringFrontiers in veterinary science · 2024Article
- Prolonged hypothermic storage of oocytes of the European common frog Rana temporaria in a gas mixture of oxygen and carbon monoxide.PloS one · 2023Article
- Oxidative Stress-Induced Overactivation of Frog Eggs Triggers Calcium-Dependent Non-Apoptotic Cell Death.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- An insect antifreeze protein from Anatolica polita enhances the cryoprotection of Xenopus laevis eggs and embryos.The Journal of experimental biology · 2022Article
- Modulation of Intracellular ROS and Senescence-Associated Phenotypes ofAntioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Effects of Ferrocenyl 4-(Imino)-1,4-Dihydro-quinolines onInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2020Article
- Toward the understanding of biology of oocyte life cycle inReproductive medicine and biology · 2020Review
- Hydrogen Sulfide Impairs Meiosis Resumption inCells · 2020Article
- Dissection of the Ovulatory Process UsingFrontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2020Review
- In Vitro Reconstruction ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2019Article
- Biochemical Hallmarks of Oxidative Stress-Induced Overactivation ofBioMed research international · 2019Article
- Emerin induces nuclear breakage inMolecular biology of the cell · 2018Article
- Postovulatory cell death: why eggs die via apoptosis in biological species with external fertilization.The Journal of reproduction and development · 2018Review
- Global decay of mRNA is a hallmark of apoptosis in aging Xenopus eggs.RNA biology · 2017Article
- Transmembrane signal transduction in oocyte maturation and fertilization: focusing on Xenopus laevis as a model animal.International journal of molecular sciences · 2014Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundA characteristic feature of frog reproduction is external fertilization accomplished outside the female's body. Mature fertilization-competent frog eggs are arrested at the meiotic metaphase II with high activity of the key meiotic regulators, maturation promoting factor (MPF) and cytostatic factor (CSF), awaiting fertilization. If the eggs are not fertilized within several hours of ovulation, they deteriorate and ultimately die by as yet unknown mechanism.
resultsHere, we report that the vast majority of naturally laid unfertilized eggs of the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis spontaneously exit metaphase arrest under various environmental conditions and degrade by a well-defined apoptotic process within 48 hours after ovulation. The main features of this process include cytochrome c release, caspase activation, ATP depletion, increase of ADP/ATP ratio, apoptotic nuclear morphology, progressive intracellular acidification, and egg swelling. Meiotic exit seems to be a prerequisite for execution of the apoptotic program, since (i) it precedes apoptosis, (ii) apoptotic events cannot be observed in the eggs maintaining high activity of MPF and CSF, and (iii) apoptosis in unfertilized frog eggs is accelerated upon early meiotic exit. The apoptotic features cannot be observed in the immature prophase-arrested oocytes, however, the maturation-inducing hormone progesterone renders oocytes susceptible to apoptosis.
conclusionsThe study reveals that naturally laid intact frog eggs die by apoptosis if they are not fertilized. A maternal apoptotic program is evoked in frog oocytes upon maturation and executed after meiotic exit in unfertilized eggs. The meiotic exit is required for execution of the apoptotic program in eggs. The emerging anti-apoptotic role of meiotic metaphase arrest needs further investigation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.