ArticleChest2012
Cytokine activation patterns and biomarkers are influenced by microorganisms in community-acquired pneumonia.
Article in Chest, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 104 citations in OpenAlex.
- Diagnostic value of procalcitonin for identifying the etiology of lower respiratory tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Trial
- Trial
- Effects of different anaesthetics on cytokine levels in children with community-acquired pneumonia undergoing flexible fibreoptic bronchoscopy.The Journal of international medical research · 2016Trial
- Cytokine Concentrations in Plasma from Children with Severe and Non-Severe Community Acquired Pneumonia.PloS one · 2015Trial
- Dexamethasone downregulates the systemic cytokine response in patients with community-acquired pneumonia.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2012Trial
- Review
- Immune imbalance markers: key factors in early recognition of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections in non-immunocompromised VAP patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- The role of soluble toll-like receptor-2 and 4 in children with pneumonia: a combined analysis of saliva and serum samples.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Diagnostic efficacy of monocyte distribution width to high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ratio in differentiating pathogen types in community-acquired pneumonia: a retrospective cohort study.Open medicine (Warsaw, Poland) · 2026Article
- Role of Inflammatory Markers as a Risk Factor for Community-Acquired Pneumonia Management.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- Predictive signature of murine and human host response to typical and atypical pneumonia.BMJ open respiratory research · 2024Article
- Nausea Predicts Bacteremia in Immunocompetent Patients with Pneumococcal Community-Acquired Pneumonia: Secondary Data Analysis from a Prospective Cohort.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Efficacy of a paper-based interleukin-6 test strip combined with a spectrum-based optical reader for sequential monitoring and early recognition of respiratory failure in elderly pneumonia-a pilot study.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Article
- Clinical sign and biomarker-based algorithm to identify bacterial pneumonia among outpatients with lower respiratory tract infection in Tanzania.BMC infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Article
- Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Triggers Differential Inflammatory Response in Patients With Endophthalmitis.Translational vision science & technology · 2021Article
- Genetic polymorphisms of rs9313422 G>C and rs41297579 G>A at the promoter of TIM-1 gene contribute to the risk of community-acquired pneumonia in children.Journal of clinical laboratory analysis · 2020Article
- Biomarkers in Community-Acquired Pneumonia (Cardiac and Non-Cardiac).Journal of clinical medicine · 2020Review
- Biomarkers of Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Key to Disease Diagnosis and Management.BioMed research international · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe inflammatory response in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) depends on the host and on the challenge of the causal microorganism. Here, we analyze the patterns of inflammatory cytokines, procalcitonin (PCT), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in order to determine their diagnostic value.
methodsThis was a prospective study of 658 patients admitted with CAP. PCT and CRP were analyzed by immunoluminometric and immunoturbidimetric assays. Cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α], IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10) were measured using enzyme immunoassay.
resultsThe lowest medians of CRP, PCT, TNF-α, and IL-6 were found in CAP of unknown cause, and the highest were found in patients with positive blood cultures. Different cytokine profiles and biomarkers were found depending on cause: atypical bacteria (lower PCT and IL-6), viruses (lower PCT and higher IL-10), Enterobacteriaceae (higher IL-8), Streptococcus pneumoniae (high PCT), and Legionella pneumophila (higher CRP and TNF-α). PCT ≥ 0.36 mg/dL to predict positive blood cultures showed sensitivity of 85%, specificity of 42%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 98%, whereas a cutoff of ≤ 0.5 mg/dL to predict viruses or atypicals vs bacteria showed sensitivity of 89%/81%, specificity of 68%/68%, positive predictive value of 12%/22%, and NPV of 99%/97%. In a multivariate Euclidean distance model, the lowest inflammatory expression was found in unknown cause and the highest was found in L pneumophila, S pneumoniae, and Enterobacteriaceae. Atypical bacteria exhibit an inflammatory pattern closer to that of viruses.
conclusionsDifferent inflammatory patterns elicited by different microorganisms may provide a useful tool for diagnosis. Recognizing these patterns provides additional information that may facilitate a broader understanding of host inflammatory response to microorganisms.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.