ReviewAutoimmunity reviews2012
Progesterone and autoimmune disease.
Review in Autoimmunity reviews, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 95 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
95 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 222 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex steroids and autoimmune rheumatic diseases: state of the art.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2020Pooled it
- Systematic review regarding metabolic profiling for improved pathophysiological understanding of disease and outcome prediction in respiratory infections.Respiratory research · 2015Pooled it
- Influence of Hormonal Contraceptive Use and HIV on Cervicovaginal Cytokines and Microbiota in Malawi.mSphere · 2023Trial
- Serum estradiol levels predict survival and acute kidney injury in patients with septic shock--a prospective study.PloS one · 2014Trial
- A comparison of sex-specific immune signatures in Gulf War illness and chronic fatigue syndrome.BMC immunology · 2013Trial
- Menstruation is Associated With Cyclical Granulysin Peaks in Vaginal Secretions Despite Stable Expression by Cervicovaginal Immune Cells.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2026Article
- Association Between Atopic Dermatitis and Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index: Evidence From NHANES 1999-2006.Mediators of inflammation · 2026Article
- Comprehensive analysis of eccDNA characteristics and associated genes expression in peripheral blood of ASLE and ISLE patients.Epigenetics · 2025Article
- The role of neuroactive steroids in psychiatric and neurological disorders: Neurobiology and therapeutic perspectives.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2025Review
- Neutrophils are key modulators of sex differences in LPS-induced shock in mice.Blood vessels, thrombosis & hemostasis · 2025Article
- Family Planning and Rheumatoid Arthritis.Current rheumatology reports · 2025Review
- Molecular Shape-Preserving Au Electrode for Progesterone Detection.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Determining the Molecular Shape of Progesterone: Insights from Laser Ablation Rotational Spectroscopy.The journal of physical chemistry letters · 2025Article
- Unraveling the hormonal approaches for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and its complementary interventions.Inflammopharmacology · 2025Review
- Toward understanding sexual immune dimorphism in humans.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Contraceptives or Hormone Replacement Therapy and Associations with Autoimmune Conditions: Exploring Effects of Estrogen Analog Supplementation.ACR open rheumatology · 2025Article
- Steroid hormones and influence of therapeutic drugs in Chinese postmenopausal rheumatoid arthritis patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Thyroid autoimmunity in different phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome: a single-center experience.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2024Article
- Predicting Chemical Immunotoxicity through Data-Driven QSAR Modeling of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Agonism and Related Toxicity Mechanisms.Environment & health (Washington, D.C.) · 2024Article
- Atopic Dermatitis: Fertility, Pregnancy, and Treatment Perspectives.American journal of clinical dermatology · 2024Review
35 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism in human immune systems is most apparent in the female predominance of certain autoimmune diseases (ADs) like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Epidemiologic, observational and experimental evidence strongly suggest sex steroids are important modulators of genetic risk in human AD. In this regard, the roles of progesterone (Pg), an immunomodulatory female sex steroid, are poorly understood. Several lines of investigation indicate Pg and synthetic progestins impact risk of AD and immune-mediated injury in different ways depending on their concentrations and their engagement of various Pg receptors expressed in immune organs, immune cells or tissues targeted by immune attack. At low physiologic levels, Pg may enhance interferon-alpha (IFN-α) pathways important in SLE pathogenesis. Commonly used synthetic progestins may have the opposite effect. At pregnancy levels, Pg may suppress disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and multiple sclerosis (MS) via inhibition of T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th17 pathways and induction of anti-inflammatory molecules. Importantly, Pg's immunomodulatory effects differ from those of estrogens and androgens. An additional layer of complexity arises from apparent interdependence of sex hormone signaling pathways. Identifying mechanisms by which Pg and other sex steroids modulate risk of AD and immune-mediated injury will require clarification of their cellular and molecular targets in vivo. These future studies should be informed by recent genetic discoveries in human AD, particularly those revealing their sex-specific genetic associations.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.