ReviewHuman genetics2012
Genetics of schizophrenia and smoking: an approach to studying their comorbidity based on epidemiological findings.
Review in Human genetics, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in severe mental illness: A timely diagnosis to advance the process of quitting smoking.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2021Trial
- The shared genetic architecture of smoking behaviours and psychiatric disorders: evidence from a population-based longitudinal study in England.BMC genomic data · 2023Article
- Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and mental illness: Mechanisms linking mood, metabolism and medicines.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2022Review
- Article
- Motivations to quit smoking and challenges faced during cessation among individuals with first episode psychosis in Singapore.Early intervention in psychiatry · 2019Article
- Tobacco smoking is associated with antipsychotic medication, physical aggressiveness, and alcohol use disorder in schizophrenia: results from the FACE-SZ national cohort.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2019Article
- Nicotine dependence in Croatian male inpatients with schizophrenia.BMC psychiatry · 2018Article
- The insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene and nicotine dependence in schizophrenia patients.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2017Article
- Genetic Relationship between Schizophrenia and Nicotine Dependence.Scientific reports · 2016Article
- The effects of prenatal stress on alpha4 beta2 and alpha7 hippocampal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor levels in adult offspring.Developmental neurobiology · 2013Article
- Cigarette Smoking and Health Characteristics in Individuals With Serious Mental Illness Enrolled in a Behavioral Weight Loss Trial.Journal of dual diagnosis · 2013Article
- Premature to conclude no genetic basis to the association between smoking and major depressive disorder.Human genetics · 2012Article
- The genetics of addiction.Human genetics · 2012Article
- Role of Statistical Random-Effects Linear Models in Personalized Medicine.Current pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine · 2012Article
- Letter to the FDA Proposing Major Changes in the US Clozapine Package Insert Supported by Clozapine Experts Worldwide. Part II: A Review of Fatal Outcomes in US Pharmacovigilance Data and Proposed Changes.Journal of clinical psychopharmacologyArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The association between schizophrenia and tobacco smoking has been described in more than 1,000 articles, many with inadequate methodology. The studies on this association can focus on: (1) current smoking, ever smoking or smoking cessation; (2) non-psychiatric controls or controls with severe mental illness (e.g., bipolar disorder); and (3) higher smoking frequency or greater usage in smokers. The association with the most potential for genetic studies is that between ever daily smoking and schizophrenia; it may reflect a shared genetic vulnerability. To reduce the number of false-positive genes, we propose a three-stage approach derived from epidemiological knowledge. In the first stage, only genetic variations associated with ever daily smoking that are simultaneously significant within the non-psychiatric controls, the bipolar disorder controls and the schizophrenia cases will be selected. Only those genetic variations that are simultaneously significant in the three hypothesis tests will be tested in the second stage, where the prevalence of the genes must be significantly higher in schizophrenia than in bipolar disorder, and significantly higher in bipolar disorder than in controls. The genes simultaneously significant in the second stage will be included in a third stage where the gene variations must be significantly more frequent in schizophrenia patients who did not start smoking daily until their 20s (late start) versus those who had an early start. Any genetic approach to psychiatric disorders may fail if attention is not given to comorbidity and epidemiological studies that suggest which comorbidities are likely to be explained by genetics and which are not. Our approach, which examines the results of epidemiological studies on comorbidities and then looks for genes that simultaneously satisfy epidemiologically suggested sets of hypotheses, may also apply to the study of other major illnesses.
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