ArticleAmerican journal of hypertension2012
Spousal caregiving and incident hypertension.
Article in American journal of hypertension, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 75 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of a Home-Based Exercise Program on Health-Related Quality of Life and Physical Fitness in Dementia Caregivers: A Randomized Controlled Trial.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Trial
- A post-discharge homecare journey map for patients with colorectal cancer living with a permanent stoma: A qualitative study.Asia-Pacific journal of oncology nursing · 2026Article
- Association between caregiving duration and hypertension among family caregivers: the TMM CommCohort study.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2026Article
- Health consequences of spousal health shocks: evidence from a matched event study in the United States.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Experience with an online positive psychology intervention for caregivers of people with Alzheimer's disease: an interpretative phenomenological analysis.International journal of qualitative studies on health and well-being · 2025Article
- Low-Intensity Virtual Reality Exercise for Caregivers of People with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Pilot Study.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2025Article
- Associations between dementia symptoms and caregiver and relationship health: A prominent role for speech and language.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2025Article
- A Call to Integrate Measures of Environmental Context into Research on Maternal Brain Health.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Review
- Caregiving and Hypertension in Younger Black Women: The Jackson Heart Study.Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) · 2025Article
- Association between physical activity and chronic disease multimorbidity patterns in Chinese middle-aged and older adults.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Cardiovascular disease risk among Australian unpaid carers - A survival analysis using 15 waves of the HILDA survey.PloS one · 2025Article
- Association Between Caregiver Strain and Self-Care Among Caregivers With Hypertension: Findings From the REGARDS Study.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2024Observational
- Mental Health Conditions in Partners and Adult Children of Stroke Survivors.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Article
- A systematic review comparing cardiovascular disease among informal carers and non-carers.International journal of cardiology. Cardiovascular risk and prevention · 2023Review
- Adulthood Psychosocial Disadvantages and Risk of Hypertension in U.S. Workers: Effect Modification by Adverse Childhood Experiences.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- The associations of job strain and leisure-time physical activity with the risk of hypertension: the population-based Midlife in the United States cohort study.Epidemiology and health · 2022Article
- From Burden to Depressive Symptoms in Informal Caregivers during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Path Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Associations between spousal caregiving and health among older adults in Mexico: A targeted estimation approach.International journal of geriatric psychiatry · 2021Article
- A Longitudinal Assessment of Parental Caregiving and Blood Pressure Trajectories: Findings from the China Health and Nutrition Survey for Women 2000-2011.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCaring for one's spouse has been associated with poor health, including risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) onset and mortality. However, few studies have assessed the risk of incident hypertension associated with spousal caregiving. This paper investigates this association in a large, nationally representative sample of American older adults.
methodsMarried, hypertension-free, Health and Retirement Study (HRS) respondents aged 50+ in 2000, (n = 5,708) were followed up to 8 years (1,708 new self-reported hypertension diagnoses). Current caregiving exposure was defined as assisting a spouse with instrumental or basic activities of daily living (IADLs) 14+ h/week; we define providing ≥14 h/week of care at two consecutive biennial surveys as "long-term caregiving." We used inverse probability weighted discrete-time hazard models with time-updated exposure and covariates to estimate effects of current and long-term caregiving on incident hypertension. We tested for effect modification by race, gender, and recipient memory illness. Sensitivity analyses restricted to respondents whose spouses had care needs.
resultsAfter adjusting for demographic, socioeconomic, and health factors, (including risk behaviors, comorbid conditions, and self-rated health), current caregiving significantly predicted hypertension incidence (risk ratio (RR) = 1.36, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01, 1.83). For long-term caregivers, there was significant evidence of risk of hypertension onset associated with caregiving (RR = 2.29, 95% CI: 1.17, 4.49). The risk of hypertension onset associated with both current and long-term caregiving did not vary by race, gender, or recipient memory illness diagnosis. Sensitivity analyses supported the primary findings.
conclusionsProviding IADL care to a spouse significantly predicted hypertension onset in a nationally representative sample of US adults.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.