Pretargeting of necrotic tumors with biotinylated hypericin using 123I-labeled avidin: evaluation of a two-step strategy.

As an alternative to directly targeting of necrotic tissue using hypericin, we synthesized a conjugate of hypericin to biotin for use in a pretargeting approach. With this conjugate, we explored the possibility of a two-step pretargeting strategy using (123)I-labeled avidin as effector molecule directed against necrotic RIF-1 tumors. Hypericin was conjugated to biotin-ethylenediamine in a straightforward coupling method using n-hydroxysuccinimide and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The necrosis avidity of the conjugate was first confirmed in necrotic liver tissue by means of fluorescence microscopy. Using autoradiography imaging and whole body-biodistribution, the accumulation of (123)I-avidin in necrotic tumor tissue was evaluated 24 h after administration and 48 h after pretargeting with hypericin-biotin. Analysis of autoradiography images show a higher accumulation of (123)I-avidin in pretargeted compared to nontargeted tissue. However, absolute accumulation of (123)I-avidin in necrotic tumors was low as shown by biodistribution experiments. Direct injection of hypericin-biotin or biotin-fluorescein did not substantially improve (123)I-avidin accumulation after pretargeting, pointing towards a poor penetration of avidin in necrotic tissue. Our results show the feasibility of a pretargeting technique using a small molecule as targeting agent. However, for a more efficient accumulation of the effector molecule in necrotic tissue, other pretargeting strategies need to be investigated.