SynthesisThe European respiratory journal2012
Risk factors for COPD spirometrically defined from the lower limit of normal in the BOLD project.
Synthesis in The European respiratory journal, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 110 citations in OpenAlex.
- Global, regional, and national prevalence of, and risk factors for, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in 2019: a systematic review and modelling analysis.The Lancet. Respiratory medicine · 2022Pooled it
- The global impact of Aspergillus infection on COPD.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2020Pooled it
- Systematic review of lung function and COPD with peripheral blood DNA methylation in population based studies.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2017Pooled it
- "What are my chances of developing COPD if one of my parents has the disease?" A systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence of co-occurrence of COPD diagnosis in parents and offspring.International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease · 2017Pooled it
- Pooled it
- A Cross-Tissue Transcriptome Association Study Revealed Novel Susceptibility Genes for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease · 2026Article
- Mendelian causes of early-onset emphysema: a review of the current literature.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2025Review
- Toward precision medicine in COPD: phenotypes, endotypes, biomarkers, and treatable traits.Respiratory research · 2025Review
- Per and poly-fluoroalkyl substances and respiratory health in an Inuit community.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2024Article
- Respiratory health and its determinants among Nunavimmiut: results from the Qanuilirpitaa? 2017 Nunavik Health Survey.Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique · 2024Article
- The Incidence, Risk Factors, and Predictive Model of Obstructive Disease in Post-Tuberculosis Patients.International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease · 2024Article
- Isolated small airways obstruction predicts future chronic airflow obstruction: a multinational longitudinal study.BMJ open respiratory research · 2023Article
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Cameroon: Prevalence and Predictors-A Multisetting Community-Based Study.Pulmonary medicine · 2023Article
- Sex-specific non-linear associations between body mass index and impaired pulmonary ventilation function in a community-based population: Longgang COPD study.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Article
- Trends in the Burden of COPD Attributable to Ambient PMRisk management and healthcare policy · 2023Article
- Airway pathogens detected in stable and exacerbated COPD in patients in Asia-Pacific.ERJ open research · 2022Article
- Parental COPD as a Risk Factor for the Development of COPD and Disease Severity in Offspring: A Systematic Scoping Review.International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease · 2022Article
- Targeting COPD with PLGA-Based Nanoparticles: Current Status and Prospects.BioMed research international · 2022Review
- The Heterogeneity of COPD Patients in a Community-Based Practice and the Inadequacy of the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease Criteria: A Real-World Experience.Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (Miami, Fla.) · 2021Article
- Decreased handgrip strength can predict lung function impairment in male workers: a cross sectional study.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 6 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is predicted to become the third most common cause of death and disability worldwide by 2020. The prevalence of COPD defined by the lower limit of normal was estimated using high-quality spirometry in surveys of 14 populations aged ≥ 40 yrs. The strength and consistency of associations were assessed using random effects meta-analysis. Pack-years of smoking were associated with risk of COPD at each site. After adjusting for this effect, we still observed significant associations of COPD risk with age (OR 1.52 for a 10 yr age difference, 95% CI 1.35-1.71), body mass index in obese compared with normal weight (OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.37-0.67), level of education completed (OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.67-0.87), hospitalisation with a respiratory problem before age 10 yrs (OR 2.35, 95% CI 1.42-3.91), passive cigarette smoke exposure (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.05-1.47), tuberculosis (OR 1.78, 95%CI 1.17-2.72) and a family history of COPD (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.19-1.90). Although smoking is the most important risk factor for COPD, other risk factors are also important. More research is required to elucidate relevant risk factors in low- and middle-income countries where the greatest impact of COPD will occur.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.