ArticleCephalalgia : an international journal of headache2012
Associations of socioeconomic status with migraine and non-migraine headache.
Article in Cephalalgia : an international journal of headache, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Smoking in primary headaches - a systematic review and meta-analysis.The journal of headache and pain · 2025Pooled it
- Characteristics and Treatment Patterns in People with Burden of Migraine: A Subgroup Analysis of the OVERCOME Japan 2nd Study.Pain and therapy · 2026Article
- Article
- Trends in self-reported headache disorder in Spain between 2006 and 2023: the role of sociodemographic factors.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Maternal migraine and offspring ADHD: triangulating the evidence.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- Factors Influencing Healthcare Engagement Among Low-Income Women Experiencing Headaches.Cureus · 2026Article
- Regional variation and factors associated with average expenditure per headache disorder hospitalization in Brazil: a macrocosting analysis in the SUS (2008-2023).Revista de saude publica · 2026Observational
- Interpretable Artificial Intelligence Analysis of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Migraine Classification: Quantitative Study.JMIR medical informatics · 2025Article
- Impact of migraine on productivity and efficiency among adult population in India: a scoping review.The journal of headache and pain · 2025Article
- Medication underuse in real-life practice: the impact of galcanezumab towards achieving very low frequency episodic migraine in a southeast Asian middle-income nation.The journal of headache and pain · 2025Article
- Household income is associated with attack frequency, but not with the prevalence of headache: an analysis of self-reported headache in the general population in Germany.The journal of headache and pain · 2024Article
- The Environment and Headache: a Narrative Review.Current environmental health reports · 2024Review
- Headache Characteristics and Risk Factors Among Healthcare Providers in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.Cureus · 2023Article
- Global, regional, and national time trends in incidence for migraine, from 1990 to 2019: an age-period-cohort analysis for the GBD 2019.The journal of headache and pain · 2023Article
- Employees of the banking sector in Guizhou Province in China: prevalence of migraine, symptoms, disability and occupational risk factors.The journal of headache and pain · 2023Article
- Disease burden of migraine and tension-type headache in non-high-income East and Southeast Asia from 1990 to 2019.The journal of headache and pain · 2023Article
- Income dissatisfaction and migraine headache. Evidence from a nationwide population-based survey.Health psychology and behavioral medicine · 2023Article
- A review of neurological health disparities in Peru.Frontiers in public health · 2023Review
- Migraine: interactions between brain's trait and state.CNS spectrums · 2022Review
- Applying a biopsychosocial model to migraine: rationale and clinical implications.The journal of headache and pain · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMigraine has been linked with several measures of socioeconomic status (SES). However, results are inconsistent and data on the association between SES and non-migraine headache, migraine subtypes and migraine frequency are sparse.
methodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study among 36,858 participants in the Women's Health Study. As proxy for SES, we calculated an SES index using annual household income and education. Migraine, migraine aura, and non-migraine headache were self-reported with good validation rates. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between the SES index and the various headache forms.
resultsOf the women participating in the study, 12,140 (32.9%) reported any history of headache, 6801 (18.4%) reported any history of migraine and 5339 (14.5%) reported non-migraine headache. Women with low SES had an increased risk for all headache forms. The multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (ORs; 95% CI) were 1.22 (1.10-1.36) for non-migraine headache, 1.40 (1.28-1.54) for any migraine, 1.44 (1.23-1.69) for migraine with aura, and 1.38 (1.21-1.58) for migraine without aura. Among active migraineurs, low SES was associated with an increased OR for ≥ weekly attack frequency (1.77, 1.26-2.49).
conclusionsIn this large cohort of female health professionals, low SES was associated with an increased prevalence for all headache forms and an increased migraine attack frequency.
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