ArticleGene therapy2012
Molecular signature of the immune and tissue response to non-coding plasmid DNA in skeletal muscle after electrotransfer.
Article in Gene therapy, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Intramuscular plasmid DNA electroporation sequesters neoantigen-specific CD8Molecular therapy. Oncology · 2026Article
- Synthetic DNA vaccine platform elicits potent immunity where electroporated naked-mRNA is non-immunogenic.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- DNA-based delivery of G-CSF as a durable and efficacious approach to treat severe chronic neutropenia.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Article
- Transcriptomic analysis of the immune response toMolecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2025Article
- Pulsed Electric Fields Induce STING Palmitoylation and Polymerization Independently of Plasmid DNA Electrotransfer.Pharmaceutics · 2024Article
- Transcriptomic Analysis of the Acute Skeletal Muscle Effects after Intramuscular DNA Electroporation Reveals Inflammatory Signaling.Vaccines · 2022Article
- Plasmid-mediated gene transfer of Cas9 induces vector-related but not SpCas9-related immune responses in human retinal pigment epithelial cells.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Antibody-secreting macrophages generated using CpG-free plasmid eliminate tumor cells through antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis.BMB reports · 2020Article
- Variability in Genome Editing Outcomes: Challenges for Research Reproducibility and Clinical Safety.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2020Review
- Inflammasomes as Targets for Adjuvants.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
- Safe and efficient novel approach for non-invasive gene electrotransfer to skin.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Codon-Optimized P1A-Encoding DNA Vaccine: Toward a Therapeutic Vaccination against P815 Mastocytoma.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2017Article
- APOBEC3A intratumoral DNA electroporation in mice.Gene therapy · 2017Article
- Cytosolic DNA Sensor Upregulation Accompanies DNA Electrotransfer in B16.F10 Melanoma Cells.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2016Article
- Dissociation of skeletal muscle for flow cytometric characterization of immune cells in macaques.Journal of immunological methods · 2015Article
- APOBEC3A catabolism of electroporated plasmid DNA in mouse muscle.Gene therapy · 2015Article
- Inflammasomes in antiviral immunity: clues for influenza vaccine development.Clinical and experimental vaccine research · 2014Review
- Proteomic profiling of salivary gland after nonviral gene transfer mediated by conventional plasmids and minicircles.Molecular therapy. Methods & clinical development · 2014Article
- Electrotransfer of single-stranded or double-stranded DNA induces complete regression of palpable B16.F10 mouse melanomas.Cancer gene therapy · 2013Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Electrotransfer of plasmid DNA in skeletal muscle is a common non-viral delivery method for both therapeutic genes and DNA vaccines. Yet, despite the similar approaches, an immune response is detrimental in gene therapy, but desirable for vaccines. However, the full nature of the immune and tissue responses to nucleic acids and electrotransfer in skeletal muscle has not been addressed. Here we used microarray analysis, fluorescence-activated cell sorting and quantitative polymerase chain reaction to obtain the molecular and cellular signature of the tissue and immune response to electrotransfer of saline and non-coding plasmid DNA. Saline electrotransfer resulted in limited infiltration and induction of a moderate damage-repair gene expression pattern not involving innate immune activation. However, plasmid electrotransfer augmented expression of the same genes in addition to inducing a strong innate immune response associated with pro-inflammatory infiltration. In particular, the inflammasome, Toll-like receptor 9 and other pattern recognition receptors able to respond to cytoplasmic DNA were upregulated. Several key differences in the nature of the inflammatory infiltrate and the kinetics of gene expression were also identified when comparing electrotransfer of conventional and CpG-free plasmids. Our data provide insights into the mechanisms of DNA detection and response in muscle that has relevance for non-viral gene therapy and DNA vaccination.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.