Trial reportThe Journal of experimental medicine2011
Evolutionary genetic dissection of human interferons.
Trial report in The Journal of experimental medicine, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 113 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
113 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 168 citations in OpenAlex.
- JAK inhibitors and COVID-19.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2022Pooled it
- The effects of IFNγ on tissue physiology through structural cells.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Article
- High risk of hypoxemic COVID-19 pneumonia in myasthenia gravis patients with type I IFN autoantibodies.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Subtype-specific functions of basal IFNλs.Journal of virology · 2026Review
- Interferon-α and -β subtypes have temporally distinct roles in containing viral spread and protecting vital organs.Research square · 2026Article
- High risk of hypoxemic COVID-19 pneumonia in myasthenia gravis patients with type I IFN autoantibodies.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Human interferon-ω: an underappreciated type I interferon.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Type I interferons in bacterial diseases: myeloid cells at the crossroads of protection and pathology.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Article
- Zika virus NS5 protein inhibits type I interferon signaling via CRL3 E3 ubiquitin ligase-mediated degradation of STAT2.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Role of Type I Interferons duringBiomolecules · 2024Review
- In search of a function for human type III interferons: insights from inherited and acquired deficits.Current opinion in immunology · 2024Review
- Human autoantibodies neutralizing type I IFNs: From 1981 to 2023.Immunological reviews · 2024Review
- Higher COVID-19 pneumonia risk associated with anti-IFN-α than with anti-IFN-ω auto-Abs in children.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2024Article
- Single-molecule chromatin configurations link transcription factor binding to expression in human cells.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Viral Prevalence and Genomic Xenology in the Coevolution of HzNV-2 (Nudiviridae) with HostInsects · 2023Article
- Differential regulation of the interferon response in systemic lupus erythematosus distinguishes patients of Asian ancestry.RMD open · 2023Article
- Immunomodulatory Role of Interferons in Viral and Bacterial Infections.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- The immunogenetics of tuberculosis (TB) susceptibility.Immunogenetics · 2023Review
53 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 5 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are cytokines that play a key role in innate and adaptive immune responses. Despite the large number of immunological studies of these molecules, the relative contributions of the numerous IFNs to human survival remain largely unknown. Here, we evaluated the extent to which natural selection has targeted the human IFNs and their receptors, to provide insight into the mechanisms that govern host defense in the natural setting. We found that some IFN-α subtypes, such as IFN-α6, IFN-α8, IFN-α13, and IFN-α14, as well as the type II IFN-γ, have evolved under strong purifying selection, attesting to their essential and nonredundant function in immunity to infection. Conversely, selective constraints have been relaxed for other type I IFNs, particularly for IFN-α10 and IFN-ε, which have accumulated missense or nonsense mutations at high frequencies within the population, suggesting redundancy in host defense. Finally, type III IFNs display geographically restricted signatures of positive selection in European and Asian populations, indicating that genetic variation at these genes has conferred a selective advantage to the host, most likely by increasing resistance to viral infection. Our population genetic analyses show that IFNs differ widely in their biological relevance, and highlight evolutionarily important determinants of host immune responsiveness.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.