ReviewApplied and environmental microbiology2012
Interaction forces drive the environmental transmission of pathogenic protozoa.
Review in Applied and environmental microbiology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- How long do bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses retain their replication capacity on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review examining environmental resilience versus healthcare-associated infection risk by "fomite-borne risk assessment".Clinical microbiology reviews · 2024Pooled it
- Gut protozoa of wild rodents - a meta-analysis.Parasitology · 2024Pooled it
- Occurrence and Diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in Animals in Portugal: Novel Data and Public Health Implications.Zoonoses and public health · 2026Article
- Host traits and environmental factors shape infection heterogeneity in wild rat-protozoa networks.ISME communications · 2026Article
- Symbiont- and Bacterial Cell Size-dependent Backpacking and Grazing of Acanthamoeba.Microbes and environments · 2026Article
- Mechanical Transmission of Protozoan and Helminthic Parasites by Synanthropic Flies in Sana'a, Yemen.Journal of parasitology research · 2026Article
- The Role of Biofilm-Derived Compounds in Microbial and Protozoan Interactions.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- β-Giardin as an Immunomagnetic Enrichment Target for Multi-Host Detection ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Detectability and Persistence ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Article
- Influence of pH, ion composition and carbohydrate recognition on the attachment ofCurrent research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases · 2025Article
- Therapeutic Potential of Emodin: A Mini-Review of Its Anti-Biofilm and Antimicrobial Effects.Infectious disorders drug targets · 2025Review
- Unraveling the interplay between unicellular parasites and bacterial biofilms: Implications for disease persistence and antibiotic resistance.Virulence · 2024Review
- Zero-Valent Iron and Sand Filtration Reduces Levels ofMicroorganisms · 2024Article
- Detection, fate and transport of the biohazardous agent Toxoplasma gondii in soil water systems: Influence of soil physicochemical properties, water chemistry and surfactant.Environmental microbiology reports · 2023Article
- Surrogates of foodborne and waterborne protozoan parasites: A review.Food and waterborne parasitology · 2023Review
- Detection ofFood and waterborne parasitology · 2022Article
- Detection of DNA from Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in water for reuse.Parasitology research · 2022Article
- Article
- Evaluation of the impact of the first evidence-based guidelines for congenital toxoplasmosis in Armenia (Quindío) Colombia: An observational retrospective analysis.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The protozoan parasites Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., and Toxoplasma gondii are pathogens that are resistant to a number of environmental factors and pose significant risks to public health worldwide. Their environmental transmission is closely governed by the physicochemical properties of their cysts (Giardia) and oocysts (Cryptosporidium and Toxoplasma), allowing their transport, retention, and survival for months in water, soil, vegetables, and mollusks, which are the main reservoirs for human infection. Importantly, the cyst/oocyst wall plays a key role in that regard by exhibiting a complex polymeric coverage that determines the charge and hydrophobic characteristics of parasites' surfaces. Interaction forces between parasites and other environmental particles may be, in a first approximation, evaluated following the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory of colloidal stability. However, due to the molecular topography and nano- to microstructure of the cyst/oocyst surface, non-DVLO hydrophobic forces together with additional steric attractive and/or repulsive forces may play a pivotal role in controlling the parasite behavior when the organism is subjected to various external conditions. Here, we review several parameters that enhance or hinder the adhesion of parasites to other particles and surfaces and address the role of fast-emerging techniques for mapping the cyst/oocyst surface, e.g., by measuring its topology and the generated interaction forces at the nano- to microscale. We discuss why characterizing these interactions could be a crucial step for managing the environmental matrices at risk of microbial pollution.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.