ArticleBone2012
Botulinum toxin in masticatory muscles: short- and long-term effects on muscle, bone, and craniofacial function in adult rabbits.
Article in Bone, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 99 citations in OpenAlex.
- Botulinum toxin type A injection into the masticatory muscles and its effects on mandibular bone resorption and density. A systematic review.Clinical oral investigations · 2024Pooled it
- Botulinum toxin type A applications for masticatory myofascial pain and trigeminal neuralgia: what is the evidence regarding adverse effects?Clinical oral investigations · 2019Pooled it
- Is there enough evidence to use botulinum toxin injections for bruxism management? A systematic literature review.Clinical oral investigations · 2017Pooled it
- Trial
- Efficacy and Safety of Botulinum Toxin Type A on Persistent Myofascial Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial.Toxins · 2020Trial
- Effect of masseter hypofunction on mandibular growth and masticatory muscle coordination: an in vivo study of animal model.Odontology · 2026Article
- Anatomical Mapping of the Masseter for Safe Botulinum Toxin Injection: A Cadaveric Study.BioMed research international · 2026Article
- Effect of botulinum toxin type A on masticatory function and musculoskeletal structure in rabbits.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Aesthetic Rehabilitation Medicine: Enhancing Wellbeing beyond Functional Recovery.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Review
- Navigating regulatory pathways for translation of biologic cartilage repair products.Science translational medicine · 2022Review
- Article
- Article
- Biomechanical evaluation of the human mandible after temporomandibular joint replacement under different biting conditions.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Effect of multiple injections of botulinum toxin into painful masticatory muscles on bone density in the temporomandibular complex.Journal of oral rehabilitation · 2020Article
- Article
- Effect of bisphosphonate on temporomandibular joint in osteopenia-induced rats by botulinum toxin A injection on masticatory muscle: a preliminary study.Maxillofacial plastic and reconstructive surgery · 2019Article
- Allometry and advancing age significantly structure craniofacial variation in adult female baboons.Journal of anatomy · 2019Article
- The effects on the mandibular condyle of Botox injection into the masseter are not transient.American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics · 2019Article
- Review
- Mandibular Vertical Growth Deficiency After Botulinum-Induced Hypotrophy of Masticatory Closing Muscles in Juvenile Nonhuman Primates.Frontiers in physiology · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Paralysis of the masticatory muscles using botulinum toxin (BTX) is a common treatment for cosmetic reduction of the masseters as well as for conditions involving muscle spasm and pain. The effects of this treatment on mastication have not been evaluated, and claims that the treatment unloads the jaw joint and mandible have not been validated. If BTX treatment does decrease mandibular loading, osteopenia might ensue as an adverse result. Rabbits received a single dose of BTX or saline into one randomly chosen masseter muscle and were followed for 4 or 12 weeks. Masticatory muscle activity was assessed weekly, and incisor bite force elicited by stimulation of each masseter was measured periodically. At the endpoint, strain gages were installed on the neck of the mandibular condyle and on the molar area of the mandible for in vivo bone strain recording during mastication and muscle stimulation. After termination, muscles were weighed and mandibular segments were scanned with micro CT. BTX paralysis of one masseter did not alter chewing side or rate, in part because of compensation by the medial pterygoid muscle. Masseter-induced bite force was dramatically decreased. Analysis of bone strain data suggested that at 4 weeks, the mandibular condyle of the BTX-injected side was underloaded, as were both sides of the molar area. Bone quantity and quality were severely decreased specifically at these underloaded locations, especially the injection-side condylar head. At 12 weeks, most functional parameters were near their pre-injection levels, but the injected masseter still exhibited atrophy and percent bone area was still low in the condylar head. In conclusion, although the performance of mastication was only minimally harmed by BTX paralysis of the masseter, the resulting underloading was sufficient to cause notable and persistent bone loss, particularly at the temporomandibular joint.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.