ArticleBiology of sex differences2011
Strategies and methods to study sex differences in cardiovascular structure and function: a guide for basic scientists.
Article in Biology of sex differences, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- Reporting of sex as a variable in cardiovascular studies using cultured cells: A systematic review.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2020Pooled it
- Sex-Specific Response to Combinations of Shear Stress and Substrate Stiffness by Endothelial Cells In Vitro.Advanced healthcare materials · 2021Article
- Improving translational research in sex-specific effects of comorbidities and risk factors in ischaemic heart disease and cardioprotection: position paper and recommendations of the ESC Working Group on Cellular Biology of the Heart.Cardiovascular research · 2021Review
- Let's Talk About Sex-Biological Sex Is Underreported in Biomaterial Studies.Advanced healthcare materials · 2021Review
- Incorporating Sex as a Biological Variable into Clinical and Translational Research Training.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2020Article
- Universality of sex differences in cardiovascular outcomes: where do we go from here?European heart journal · 2020Article
- Sex as a Biological Variable in Preclinical Modeling of Blast-Related Traumatic Brain Injury.Frontiers in neurology · 2020Review
- Sex differences in gene expression in response to ischemia in the human left ventricular myocardium.Human molecular genetics · 2019Article
- Relationship Between Haemostasis Parameters and Anxiety Under Examination Stress: A Pilot Study.Indian journal of hematology & blood transfusion : an official journal of Indian Society of Hematology and Blood Transfusion · 2018Article
- Differences in renal ammonia metabolism in male and female kidney.American journal of physiology. Renal physiology · 2018Article
- Sex and Gender Differences Research Design for Basic, Clinical, and Population Studies: Essentials for Investigators.Endocrine reviews · 2018Review
- Taking cardiology clinical trials to the next level: A call to action.Clinical cardiology · 2018Review
- The Negative Chronotropic Effect in Rat Heart Stimulated by Ultrasonic Pulses: Role of Sex and Age.Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine · 2017Article
- Sex differences in astrocyte and microglia responses immediately following middle cerebral artery occlusion in adult mice.Neuroscience · 2016Article
- Influence of Arsenic on Global Levels of Histone Posttranslational Modifications: a Review of the Literature and Challenges in the Field.Current environmental health reports · 2016Review
- How to study the impact of sex and gender in medical research: a review of resources.Biology of sex differences · 2016Review
- Conceptual frameworks and mouse models for studying sex differences in physiology and disease: why compensation changes the game.Experimental neurology · 2014Review
- Estrogen and the female heart.Molecular and cellular endocrinology · 2014Review
- Should there be sex-specific criteria for the diagnosis and treatment of heart failure?Journal of cardiovascular translational research · 2014Review
- Pharmacogenomics, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: interaction with biological differences between men and women.British journal of pharmacology · 2014Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 12 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCardiovascular disease remains the primary cause of death worldwide. In the US, deaths due to cardiovascular disease for women exceed those of men. While cultural and psychosocial factors such as education, economic status, marital status and access to healthcare contribute to sex differences in adverse outcomes, physiological and molecular bases of differences between women and men that contribute to development of cardiovascular disease and response to therapy remain underexplored.
methodsThis article describes concepts, methods and procedures to assist in the design of animal and tissue/cell based studies of sex differences in cardiovascular structure, function and models of disease.
resultsTo address knowledge gaps, study designs must incorporate appropriate experimental material including species/strain characteristics, sex and hormonal status. Determining whether a sex difference exists in a trait must take into account the reproductive status and history of the animal including those used for tissue (cell) harvest, such as the presence of gonadal steroids at the time of testing, during development or number of pregnancies. When selecting the type of experimental animal, additional consideration should be given to diet requirements (soy or plant based influencing consumption of phytoestrogen), lifespan, frequency of estrous cycle in females, and ability to investigate developmental or environmental components of disease modulation. Stress imposed by disruption of sleep/wake cycles, patterns of social interaction (or degree of social isolation), or handling may influence adrenal hormones that interact with pathways activated by the sex steroid hormones. Care must be given to selection of hormonal treatment and route of administration.
conclusionsAccounting for sex in the design and interpretation of studies including pharmacological effects of drugs is essential to increase the foundation of basic knowledge upon which to build translational approaches to prevent, diagnose and treat cardiovascular diseases in humans.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.