ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2012
Systemic dissemination of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B is associated with severe, fatal disease in animal models.
Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 63 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
63 citing papers in PubMed, 91 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Gut Microbiome and Immune System Crosstalk in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: A Narrative Review of Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- The interplay between host immunity andmBio · 2025Review
- Pterostilbene attenuates intestinal barrier damage and secondary liver oxidative stress in a murine model ofFood & function · 2025Article
- Therapeutic activation of IL-22-producing innate lymphoid cells enhances host defenses to Clostridioides difficile infection.Cell reports · 2025Article
- Clostridioides difficile toxin B subverts germinal center and antibody recall responses by stimulating a drug-treatable CXCR4-dependent mechanism.Cell reports · 2024Article
- Exploring the Toxin-Mediated Mechanisms inMicroorganisms · 2024Review
- Reviewing theMicroorganisms · 2024Review
- Impact of enteric bacterial infections at and beyond the epithelial barrier.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2023Review
- Platelets promote human macrophages-mediated macropinocytosis ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Article
- The Current Knowledge onPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Establishment of a gnotobiotic pig model of Clostridioides difficile infection and disease.Gut pathogens · 2022Article
- Observational
- High Serum Levels of Toxin A Correlate with Disease Severity in Patients withAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Use of aFrontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Article
- Proinflammatory Cytokines: Possible Accomplices for the Systemic Effects ofJournal of inflammation research · 2021Article
- Invisible steps for a global endemy: molecular strategies adopted byTherapeutic advances in gastroenterology · 2021Review
3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundClostridium difficile infection (CDI) can cause a wide range of disease, from mild diarrhea to fulminant systemic disease. The incidence of systemic CDI with fatal consequence has increased rapidly in recent years.
methodsUsing an ultrasensitive cytotoxicity assay, we measured C. difficile toxin A (TcdA) and C. difficile toxin B (TcdB) in sera and body fluids of piglets and mice exposed to C. difficile to investigate the relationship between the presence of toxins in body fluids and systemic manifestations of CDI.
resultsWe found that both TcdA and TcdB disseminate systemically, with toxins present in the sera and body fluids of infected animals, and toxemia is significantly correlated with the development of systemic CDI. The systemic administration of neutralizing antibodies against both toxins blocked the development of systemic disease in mice. We measured cytokine concentrations in the sera of mice and piglets with systemic and nonsystemic CDI and found that proinflammatory mediators were considerably elevated in animals with systemic CDI.
conclusionOur study demonstrates the existence of a strong correlation between toxemia and the occurrence of systemic disease, supporting the hypothesis that systemic CDI is most likely due to the toxicity of TcdA and TcdB and the induction of proinflammatory cytokines by the toxins.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.