ArticlePloS one2011
Wheeze in preschool age is associated with pulmonary bacterial infection and resolves after antibiotic therapy.
Article in PloS one, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- The effects of macrolides in children with reactive airway disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Drug design, development and therapy · 2018Pooled it
- Azithromycin for episodes with asthma-like symptoms in young children aged 1-3 years: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.The Lancet. Respiratory medicine · 2016Trial
- Bronchoscopy Identifies Bacterial Airway Colonization and Comorbidities in Preschool Children With Refractory Respiratory Symptoms: A Retrospective Study.Pediatric pulmonology · 2026Article
- Bacterial communities co-develop with respiratory immunity early in life, linking dysbiosis to systemic monocyte signature and wheezing.Science advances · 2025Article
- Linking Gastroesophageal Reflux Characteristics to Airway Inflammation: Insights from Bronchoalveolar Lavage Cytology in Severe Preschool Wheeze.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Viral and non-viral episodes of wheezing in early life and the development of asthma and respiratory phenotypes among urban children.Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · 2024Article
- Functional immunophenotyping of blood neutrophils identifies novel endotypes of viral response in preschool children with recurrent wheezing.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2023Article
- Review
- Risk Factors Affecting Development and Persistence of Preschool Wheezing: Consensus Document of the Emilia-Romagna Asthma (ERA) Study Group.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- Management of Preschool Wheezing: Guideline from the Emilia-Romagna Asthma (ERA) Study Group.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- Bacterial composition and colony structure of the lower respiratory tract in infants and children with recurrent wheezing: a case-control study.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2022Article
- Recurrent Severe Preschool Wheeze: From Prespecified Diagnostic Labels to Underlying Endotypes.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2021Article
- Clinical Predictors of Wheezing Among Children Infected WithFrontiers in pediatrics · 2021Article
- Childhood asthma heterogeneity at the era of precision medicine: Modulating the immune response or the microbiota for the management of asthma attack.Biochemical pharmacology · 2020Review
- Gut microbiota components are associated with fixed airway obstruction in asthmatic patients living in the tropics.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Long-term exposure to low-doseOncotarget · 2018Article
- [The interactions between microorganisms and the small airways. A paediatric focus].Revue des maladies respiratoires · 2017Review
- Refractory wheezing in Chinese children under 3 years of age: bronchial inflammation and airway malformation.BMC pediatrics · 2016Article
- Airway Microbiota in Severe Asthma and Relationship to Asthma Severity and Phenotypes.PloS one · 2016Article
- Does IL-17 Respond to the Disordered Lung Microbiome and Contribute to the Neutrophilic Phenotype in Asthma?Mediators of inflammation · 2016Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundNeonates with airways colonized by Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae or Moraxella catarrhalis are at increased risk for recurrent wheeze which may resemble asthma early in life. It is not clear whether chronic colonization by these pathogens is causative for severe persistent wheeze in some preschool children and whether these children might benefit from antibiotic treatment. We assessed the relevance of bacterial colonization and chronic airway infection in preschool children with severe persistent wheezing and evaluated the outcome of long-time antibiotic treatment on the clinical course in such children. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL
findingsPreschool children (n = 42) with severe persistent wheeze but no symptoms of acute pulmonary infection were investigated by bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Differential cell counts and microbiological and virological analyses were performed on BAL samples. Patients diagnosed with bacterial infection were treated with antibiotics for 2-16 weeks (n = 29). A modified ISAAC questionnaire was used for follow-up assessment of children at least 6 months after bronchoscopy. Of the 42 children with severe wheezing, 34 (81%) showed a neutrophilic inflammation and 20 (59%) of this subgroup had elevated bacterial counts (≥ 10⁴ colony forming units per milliliter) suggesting infection. Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis were the most frequently isolated species. After treatment with appropriate antibiotics 92% of patients showed a marked improvement of symptoms upon follow-up examination. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Chronic bacterial infections are relevant in a subgroup of preschool children with persistent wheezing and such children benefit significantly from antibiotic therapy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.