ReviewCurrent opinion in gastroenterology2012
Choline metabolism provides novel insights into nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its progression.
Review in Current opinion in gastroenterology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 246 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effects of Choline Supplementation on Fetal Growth in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
The Impact Of Choline Administration On Oxidative Stress And Clinical Outcome Of Patients With Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease NAFLD
Who cites it
246 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 493 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of egg consumption on circulating choline, betaine, and trimethylamine n-oxide in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Nutrition journal · 2025Pooled it
- The Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics and Synbiotics in Non-Alcoholic Fat Liver Disease (NAFLD) and Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH): A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Pooled it
- Choline and betaine concentrations in plasma discriminate levels of dietary choline intake in healthy adults: analysis of a double-blind randomized crossover controlled feeding study.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Trial
- Use of a Micronutrient Cocktail to Improve Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) in Adults with Obesity: A Randomized, Double-Blinded Pilot Clinical Trial.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Trial
- Metabolomic profiles are reflective of hypoxia-induced insulin resistance during exercise in healthy young adult males.American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology · 2021Trial
- Trial
- Pharmacological Potential of Selenoproteins in the Regulation of Oxidative Stress in Liver Diseases.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Therapeutic Mechanisms of Resmetirom and Semaglutide in MASLD/MASH: A Review of Inflammatory and Fibrotic Metabolites.Metabolites · 2026Review
- Gut Microbiota, Immunity, and Metabolism in the Progression From Chronic Liver Disease to Hepatocellular Carcinoma.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Gut microbiota-derived trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and its association with neuroinflammation in migraine.The Indian journal of medical research · 2026Article
- Chronic choline restriction remodels hepatic lipid metabolism and drives insulin resistance through a CD36-ETNPPL regulatory axis.Molecular metabolism · 2026Article
- Deep behavioral phenotyping reveals novel features in a mouse model of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The Multifaceted Roles of Gut Microbiota and Their Metabolites in Metabolic Dysfunction-associated Steatotic Liver Disease: A Literature Review.Journal of clinical and translational hepatology · 2026Review
- Paradoxical oncogenic effects of hepatic Brca1 through modulating Bhmt.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Review
- Choline supplementation in classic homocystinuria: impact on homocysteine and hepatic steatosis.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Liver and Skeletal Muscle Metabolome Characterization in Peripartal Dairy Cows Fed Rumen-Protected Methionine or Rumen-Protected Choline.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Dietary Sources of Glycine Betaine and Proline Betaine in Plant Foods and Their Potential Biological Relevance in Human Nutrition.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- 1H MR Spectroscopy at 3T for Hepatic Choline Quantification in Healthy Young Women: A Translational Imaging Study with Dietary Correlation.Current medical imaging · 2026Article
- Article
186 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purpose of reviewCholine is an essential nutrient and the liver is a central organ responsible for choline metabolism. Hepatosteatosis and liver cell death occur when humans are deprived of choline. In the last few years, there have been significant advances in our understanding of the mechanisms that influence choline requirements in humans and in our understanding of choline's effects on liver function. These advances are useful in elucidating why nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) occurs and progresses sometimes to hepatocarcinogenesis. RECENT
findingsHumans eating low-choline diets develop fatty liver and liver damage. This dietary requirement for choline is modulated by estrogen and by single-nucleotide polymorphisms in specific genes of choline and folate metabolism. The spectrum of choline's effects on liver range from steatosis to development of hepatocarcinomas, and several mechanisms for these effects have been identified. They include abnormal phospholipid synthesis, defects in lipoprotein secretion, oxidative damage caused by mitochondrial dysfunction, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Furthermore, the hepatic steatosis phenotype can be characterized more fully via metabolomic signatures and is influenced by the gut microbiome. Importantly, the intricate connection between liver function, one-carbon metabolism, and energy metabolism is just beginning to be elucidated. SUMMARY: Choline influences liver function, and the dietary requirement for this nutrient varies depending on an individual's genotype and estrogen status. Understanding these individual differences is important for gastroenterologists seeking to understand why some individuals develop NAFLD and others do not, and why some patients tolerate total parenteral nutrition and others develop liver dysfunction.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.