ReviewPloS one2011
Reviewing the history of HIV-1: spread of subtype B in the Americas.
Review in PloS one, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed.
- Racial differences in response to antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection: an AIDS clinical trials group (ACTG) study analysis.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2013Trial
- The Origins and Genetic Diversity of HIV-1: Evolutionary Insights and Global Health Perspectives.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- 1985: Forty years ago, the world opened its eyes to AIDS. History of the early years of the HIV epidemic.Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene · 2025Article
- Comparison of two digital PCR methods for EGFR DNA and SARS-CoV-2 RNA quantification.Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry · 2021Article
- Few amino acid signatures distinguish HIV-1 subtype B pandemic and non-pandemic strains.PloS one · 2020Article
- Reconstructing the Dissemination Dynamics of the Major HIV-1 Subtype B Non-Pandemic Lineage Circulating in Brazil.Viruses · 2019Article
- Transmission dynamics of HIV-1 subtype B strains in Indonesia.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Phylogeographic Analyses Reveal the Early Expansion and Frequent Bidirectional Cross-Border Transmissions of Non-pandemic HIV-1 Subtype B Strains in Hispaniola.Frontiers in microbiology · 2019Article
- Enhanced immigration enforcement in the USA and the transnational continuity of HIV care for Latin American immigrants in deportation proceedings.The lancet. HIV · 2018Article
- Evolutionary history and spatiotemporal dynamics of the HIV-1 subtype B epidemic in Guatemala.PloS one · 2018Article
- Identification of major routes of HIV transmission throughout Mesoamerica.Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases · 2017Article
- Multiple introductions and onward transmission of non-pandemic HIV-1 subtype B strains in North America and Europe.Scientific reports · 2016Article
- Short-Term Dynamic and Local Epidemiological Trends in the South American HIV-1B Epidemic.PloS one · 2016Article
- Simultaneous Detection of Major Drug Resistance Mutations of HIV-1 Subtype B Viruses from Dried Blood Spot Specimens by Multiplex Allele-Specific Assay.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2016Article
- High Prevalence and Onward Transmission of Non-Pandemic HIV-1 Subtype B Clades in Northern and Northeastern Brazilian Regions.PloS one · 2016Article
- Dispersion of the HIV-1 Epidemic in Men Who Have Sex with Men in the Netherlands: A Combined Mathematical Model and Phylogenetic Analysis.PLoS medicine · 2015Observational
- Intercontinental dispersal of HIV-1 subtype B associated with transmission among men who have sex with men in Japan.Journal of virology · 2014Article
- HIV Type 1 transmission networks among men having sex with men and heterosexuals in Kenya.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2014Article
- Spatiotemporal dynamics of dissemination of non-pandemic HIV-1 subtype B clades in the Caribbean region.PloS one · 2014Article
- Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype B epidemic in Panama is mainly driven by dissemination of country-specific clades.PloS one · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The dispersal of HIV-1 subtype B (HIV-1B) is a reflection of the movement of human populations in response to social, political, and geographical issues. The initial dissemination of HIV-1B outside Africa seems to have included the passive involvement of human populations from the Caribbean in spreading the virus to the United States. However, the exact pathways taken during the establishment of the pandemic in the Americas remain unclear. Here, we propose a geographical scenario for the dissemination of HIV-1B in the Americas, based on phylogenetic and genetic statistical analyses of 313 available sequences of the pol gene from 27 countries. Maximum likelihood and bayesian inference methods were used to explore the phylogenetic relationships between HIV-1B sequences, and molecular variance estimates were analyzed to infer the genetic structure of the viral population. We found that the initial dissemination and subsequent spread of subtype B in the Americas occurred via a single introduction event in the Caribbean around 1964 (1950-1967). Phylogenetic trees present evidence of several primary outbreaks in countries in South America, directly seeded by the Caribbean epidemic. Cuba is an exception insofar as its epidemic seems to have been introduced from South America. One clade comprising isolates from different countries emerged in the most-derived branches, reflecting the intense circulation of the virus throughout the American continents. Statistical analysis supports the genetic compartmentalization of the virus among the Americas, with a close relationship between the South American and Caribbean epidemics. These findings reflect the complex establishment of the HIV-1B pandemic and contribute to our understanding between the migration process of human populations and virus diffusion.
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