ArticleNeoplasia (New York, N.Y.)2011
Activation of the long terminal repeat of human endogenous retrovirus K by melanoma-specific transcription factor MITF-M.
Article in Neoplasia (New York, N.Y.), 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Oncogenic role of ERV with therapeutic potential.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The Role of Human Endogenous Retroviruses in the Initiation and Progression of Melanoma.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Species-Specific Transcription Factors Associated with Long Terminal Repeat Promoters of Endogenous Retroviruses: A Comprehensive Review.Biomolecules · 2024Review
- Mechanistic regulation of HERV activation in tumors and implications for translational research in oncology.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Review
- HERVs and Cancer-A Comprehensive Review of the Relationship of Human Endogenous Retroviruses and Human Cancers.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Human Endogenous Retroviruses in Diseases.Sub-cellular biochemistry · 2023Article
- p53 Binding Sites in Long Terminal Repeat 5Hs (LTR5Hs) of Human Endogenous Retrovirus K Family (HML-2 Subgroup) Play Important Roles in the Regulation of LTR5Hs Transcriptional Activity.Microbiology spectrum · 2022Article
- Movements of Ancient Human Endogenous Retroviruses Detected in SOX2-Expressing Cells.Journal of virology · 2022Article
- Transposable element regulation and expression in cancer.The FEBS journal · 2022Review
- Human Endogenous Retroviruses as Gene Expression Regulators: Insights from Animal Models into Human Diseases.Molecules and cells · 2021Review
- Human endogenous retroviruses in cancer: Expression, regulation and function.Oncology letters · 2021Review
- Viral Causality of Human Cancer and Potential Roles of Human Endogenous Retroviruses in the Multi-Omics Era: An Evolutionary Epidemiology Review.Frontiers in oncology · 2021Review
- Retroviral Elements in Human Evolution and Neural Development.Journal of experimental neurology · 2021Article
- Article
- Human endogenous retrovirus-K (HML-2): a comprehensive review.Critical reviews in microbiology · 2018Review
- HERV Envelope Proteins: Physiological Role and Pathogenic Potential in Cancer and Autoimmunity.Frontiers in microbiology · 2018Review
- Downregulation of Human Endogenous Retrovirus Type K (HERV-K) ViralClinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2017Article
- Anti-HERV-K (HML-2) capsid antibody responses in HIV elite controllers.Retrovirology · 2017Article
- A human endogenous retrovirus-derived gene that can contribute to oncogenesis by activating the ERK pathway and inducing migration and invasion.PLoS pathogens · 2017Article
- The MeLiM Minipig: An Original Spontaneous Model to Explore Cutaneous Melanoma Genetic Basis.Frontiers in genetics · 2017Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The human and Old World primate genomes possess conserved endogenous retrovirus sequences that have been implicated in evolution, reproduction, and carcinogenesis. Human endogenous retrovirus (HERV)-K with 5'LTR-gag-pro-pol-env-rec/np9-3'LTR sequences represents the newest retrovirus family that integrated into the human genome 1 to 5 million years ago. Although a high-level expression of HERV-K in melanomas, breast cancers, and teratocarcinomas has been demonstrated, the mechanism of the lineage-specific activation of the long terminal repeat (LTR) remains obscure. We studied chromosomal HERV-K expression in MeWo melanoma cells in comparison with the basal expression in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells. Cloned LTR of HERV-K (HML-2.HOM) was also characterized by mutation and transactivation experiments. We detected multiple transcriptional initiator (Inr) sites in the LTR by rapid amplification of complementary DNA ends (5' RACE). HEK293 and MeWo showed different Inr usage. The most potent Inr was associated with a TATA box and three binding motifs of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF). Both chromosomal HERV-K expression and the cloned LTR function were strongly activated in HEK293 by transfection with MITF-M, a melanocyte/melanoma-specific isoform of MITF. Coexpression of MITF and the HERV-K core antigen was detected in retinal pigmented epithelium by an immunofluorescence analysis. Although malignant melanoma lines MeWo, G361, and SK-MEL-28 showed enhanced HERV-K transcription compared with normal melanocytes, the level of MITF-M messenger RNA persisted from normal to transformed melanocytes. Thus, MITF-M may be a prerequisite for the pigmented cell lineage-specific function of HERV-K LTR, leading to the high-level expression in malignant melanomas.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.