Trial reportJournal of immunotherapy (Hagerstown, Md. : 1997)2012
The vaccine-site microenvironment induced by injection of incomplete Freund's adjuvant, with or without melanoma peptides.
Trial report in Journal of immunotherapy (Hagerstown, Md. : 1997), 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Safety and tolerability evaluation of the use of Montanide ISA™51 as vaccine adjuvant: A systematic review.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2016Pooled it
- Phase I/II clinical trial of a melanoma vaccine targeting shared non-mutated antigens and a shared mutated BRAF neoantigen with an agonistic CD40 antibody (CDX-1140) plus TLR3 agonist (poly-ICLC).Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Trial
- Phase I/II trial of a long peptide vaccine (LPV7) plus toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists with or without incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) for resected high-risk melanoma.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2021Trial
- Characterization and comparison of innate and adaptive immune responses at vaccine sites in melanoma vaccine clinical trials.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2021Trial
- Autologous tumor cell vaccination combined with systemic CpG-B and IFN-α promotes immune activation and induces clinical responses in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a phase II trial.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2019Trial
- Defining the effects of age and gender on immune response and outcomes to melanoma vaccination: a retrospective analysis of a single-institution clinical trials' experience.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2015Trial
- Activation, dysfunction and retention of T cells in vaccine sites after injection of incomplete Freund's adjuvant, with or without peptide.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2013Trial
- Unravelling the complexity of the interactions among VACCIMEL, BCG and blood monocytes.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Clinical impact and therapeutic potential of tertiary lymphoid structures in melanoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Shaping Antitumor Immunity with Peptide Vaccines: Implications of Immune Modulation at the Vaccine Site.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Article
- The vaccine-site microenvironment: impacts of antigen, adjuvant, and same-site vaccination on antigen presentation and immune signaling.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2022Article
- The Effect of Different Immunization Cycles of a Recombinant Mucin1-Maltose-Binding Protein Vaccine on T Cell Responses to B16-MUC1 Melanoma in Mice.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Article
- Incomplete Freund's adjuvant reduces arginase and enhances Th1 dominance, TLR signaling and CD40 ligand expression in the vaccine site microenvironment.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2020Article
- Dendritic cell immunotherapy induces anti-tumor effect in a transgenic mouse model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.American journal of cancer research · 2019Article
- Personalized cancer vaccines: adjuvants are important, too.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2018Review
- Intradermal injection of low dose human regulatory T cells inhibits skin inflammation in a humanized mouse model.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Cancer vaccine formulation dictates synergy with CTLA-4 and PD-L1 checkpoint blockade therapy.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2018Article
- A pilot study of the immunogenicity of a 9-peptide breast cancer vaccine plus poly-ICLC in early stage breast cancer.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2017Article
- Extended protection capabilities of an immature dendritic-cell targeting malaria sporozoite vaccine.Vaccine · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Cancer vaccines have not been optimized. They depend on adjuvants to create an immunogenic microenvironment for antigen presentation. However, remarkably little is understood about cellular and molecular changes induced by these adjuvants in the vaccine microenvironment. We hypothesized that vaccination induces dendritic cell (DC) activation in the dermal vaccination microenvironment but that regulatory processes may also limit the effectiveness of repeated vaccination. We evaluated biopsies from immunization sites in 2 clinical trials of melanoma patients. In 1 study (Mel38), patients received 1 injection with an adjuvant mixture alone, composed of incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) plus granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). In a second study, patients received multiple vaccinations with melanoma peptide antigens plus IFA. Single injections with adjuvant alone induced dermal inflammatory infiltrates consisting of B cells, T cells, mature DCs, and vessels resembling high endothelial venules (HEVs). These cellular aggregates usually lacked organization and were transient. In contrast, multiple repeated vaccinations with peptides in adjuvant induced more organized and persistent lymphoid aggregates containing separate B and T cell areas, mature DCs, HEV-like vessels, and lymphoid chemokines. Within these structures, there are proliferating CD4and CD8 T lymphocytes, as well as FoxP3CD4 lymphocytes, suggesting a complex interplay of lymphoid expansion and regulation within the dermal immunization microenvironment. Further study of the physiology of the vaccine site microenvironment promises to identify opportunities for enhancing cancer vaccine efficacy by modulating immune activation and regulation at the site of vaccination.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.