Evidence map›Paper›PMID 22123796›Full record

Trial reportArchives of internal medicine2011

Nicotine therapy sampling to induce quit attempts among smokers unmotivated to quit: a randomized clinical trial.

Matthew J Carpenter, John R Hughes, Kevin M Gray, Amy E Wahlquist, Michael E Saladin, Anthony J Alberg

5 registry-linked trialsAbstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in Archives of internal medicine, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 5 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 88 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
88citing papers in PubMed, 8 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT00706979 nacompletednot on this map

A Novel Treatment to Boost Quit Attempts and Cessation Among Unmotivated Smokers

TypeinterventionalSponsorMedical University of South CarolinaRan2008 to 2010Enrolled849ConditionsSmoking, Smoking CessationArmsPractice Quit Attempt plus nicotine lozenge, Practice Quit Attempt only
NCT02491086 nacompletednot on this mapstarted 2015, after this paper: background citation

Motivating Smokers at Outdoor Public Smoking Hotspots to Have Quit Attempt With Nicotine Replacement Therapy Sampling: A Randomized Controlled Trial

TypeinterventionalSponsorThe University of Hong KongRan2015 to 2016Enrolled100ConditionsSmoking CessationArmsNicotine replacement therapy (NRT) sampling, Smoking cessation counseling
NCT03670316 phase4completednot on this mapstarted 2020, after this paper: background citation

Effectiveness of a Smoking Cessation Algorithm Integrated Into HIV Primary Care

TypeinterventionalSponsorUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamRan2020 to 2025Enrolled371ConditionsHIV, AIDS, Smoking CessationArmsAlgorithm Treatment, Quitline only
NCT03717051 nacompletednot on this mapstarted 2018, after this paper: background citation

Use of Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT) Sample and Brief Smoking Cessation Advice for Recruiting Smokers to Smoking Cessation Services and Motivating Quit Attempts

TypeinterventionalSponsorThe University of Hong KongRan2018 to 2020Enrolled834ConditionsSmoking CessationArmsNicotine replacement therapy (NRT) sampling, Medication counseling
NCT06077058 naunknown statusnot on this mapstarted 2023, after this paper: background citation

Optimizing Health Promotion Strategy to Increase Quitting Preparation in Cigarette Smokers: A Pragmatic Randomized Factorial Screening Experiment

TypeinterventionalSponsorThe University of Hong KongRan2023 to 2024Enrolled160ConditionsSmoking CessationArmsNicotine Replace Therapy (NRT) sampling, Simple exercise education (SEE), Chat-based instant messaging, Chatbot for smoking cessation
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

88 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
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  3. Interventions to reduce tobacco use in people experiencing homelessness.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020
    Pooled it
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  7. Nicotine replacement therapy versus control for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2018
    Pooled it
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  15. A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial of Remote Varenicline Sampling to Promote Treatment Engagement and Smoking Cessation.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2021
    Trial
  16. A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial of Brief Interventions to Encourage Quit Attempts in Smokers From Socioeconomic Disadvantage.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2020
    Trial
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  20. A Naturalistic, Randomized Pilot Trial of E-Cigarettes: Uptake, Exposure, and Behavioral Effects.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2017
    Trial

28 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Matthew J CarpenterDepartment of Psychiatry, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, 29425, USA. carpente@musc.edu
John R Hughes
Kevin M Gray
Amy E Wahlquist
Michael E Saladin
Anthony J Alberg

Funding

AACAP Physician Scientist Program in Substance UseK12DA000357 · NIDA · AMERICAN ACADEMY-CHILD/ADOLESCENT PSYCH · PI Kevin M. Gray · 1998 to 2026
$29.1M
Brief, Novel Smoking Cessation in Primary Care: A Comparative Effectiveness TrialR01DA021619 · NIDA · MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA · PI CARPENTER, MATTHEW J · 2007 to 2017
$4.2M
Research on Tobacco and Marijuana Cessation &ReductionK05DA000490 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT &ST AGRIC COLLEGE · PI HUGHES, JOHN R · 2000 to 2009
$1.4M
Stimulus Control and Trajectories of Adolescent SmokingK23DA020482 · NIDA · MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA · PI CARPENTER, MATTHEW J · 2007 to 2011
$869k
NIDA NIH HHS K05 DA000490NIDA NIH HHS K05DA000490NIDA NIH HHS K12 DA000357NIDA NIH HHS K12DA000357NIDA NIH HHS K23 DA020482NIDA NIH HHS K23DA020482NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA021619NIDA NIH HHS R01DA021619
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundRates of smoking cessation have not changed in a decade, accentuating the need for novel approaches to prompt quit attempts.

methodsWithin a nationwide randomized clinical trial (N = 849) to induce further quit attempts and cessation, smokers currently unmotivated to quit were randomized to a practice quit attempt (PQA) alone or to nicotine replacement therapy (hereafter referred to as nicotine therapy), sampling within the context of a PQA. Following a 6-week intervention period, participants were followed up for 6 months to assess outcomes. The PQA intervention was designed to increase motivation, confidence, and coping skills. The combination of a PQA plus nicotine therapy sampling added samples of nicotine lozenges to enhance attitudes toward pharmacotherapy and to promote the use of additional cessation resources. Primary outcomes included the incidence of any ever occurring self-defined quit attempt and 24-hour quit attempt. Secondary measures included 7-day point prevalence abstinence at any time during the study (ie, floating abstinence) and at the final follow-up assessment.

resultsCompared with PQA intervention, nicotine therapy sampling was associated with a significantly higher incidence of any quit attempt (49% vs 40%; relative risk [RR], 1.2; 95% CI, 1.1-1.4) and any 24-hour quit attempt (43% vs 34%; 1.3; 1.1-1.5). Nicotine therapy sampling was marginally more likely to promote floating abstinence (19% vs 15%; RR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.0-1.7); 6-month point prevalence abstinence rates were no different between groups (16% vs 14%; 1.2; 0.9-1.6).

conclusionNicotine therapy sampling during a PQA represents a novel strategy to motivate smokers to make a quit attempt.

trial registrationclinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00706979.

Indexed as

MotivationTobacco Use Cessation DevicesAdultFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedNicotineNicotinic AgonistsSmoking CessationNicotineNicotinic Agonists

Identifiers

PMID22123796
PMCPMC3372898

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.