ArticlePloS one2011
The intestinal flora is required to support antibody responses to systemic immunization in infant and germ free mice.
Article in PloS one, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 67 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
67 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 107 citations in OpenAlex.
- The anxiolytic effect of probiotics: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the clinical and preclinical literature.PloS one · 2018Pooled it
- Early antibiotic exposure and vaccine immune responses in preterm infants: potential sex-specific differences.Gut microbes · 2026Observational
- Prebiotics Enhance Microbiome Recovery Following Antibiotic-Induced Dysbiosis.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- A defined microbiota mouse model forFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Gut microbiota: a new factor modulating the immunizing potential of viral and cancer vaccines.Research square · 2025Article
- The microbiota-gut-brain-axis theory: role of gut microbiota modulators (GMMs) in gastrointestinal, neurological, and mental health disorders.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Review
- Activation of Hippocampal ACE2 Prevents the Dysbiosis-induced Depression-like Behavior in Mice by Enhanced Neurogenesis and Neuroprotection via Mas Receptor.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2025Article
- Gut dysbiosis patterns in CVID patients with noninfectious complications observed in a germ-free mouse model through fecal microbiota transplantation.Journal of human immunity · 2025Article
- The role of the gut microbiota in regulating responses to vaccination: current knowledge and future directions.The FEBS journal · 2025Review
- Interactions of the maternal microbiome with diet, stress, and infection influence fetal development.The FEBS journal · 2025Review
- Early-life homeostatic differentiation of thymus-resident B cells into memory B cells.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Article
- MICROBIOME: The trials and errors of developing an experimental model to study the impact of maternal gut microbiome disruption on perinatal asphyxia.Reproduction & fertility · 2024Article
- Article
- Antibiotic-mediated dysbiosis leads to activation of inflammatory pathways.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Immunostimulating Commensal Bacteria and Their Potential Use as Therapeutics.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Factors Influencing Microbiota in Modulating Vaccine Immune Response: A Long Way to Go.Vaccines · 2023Review
- Non-human primate models for understanding the impact of the microbiome on pregnancy and the female reproductive tract†.Biology of reproduction · 2023Review
- Impact of Gut Recolonization on Liver Regeneration: Hepatic Matrisome Gene Expression after Partial Hepatectomy in Mice.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Microbial Interventions to Improve Neonatal Gut Health.Microorganisms · 2023Review
7 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The presence of a complex and diverse intestinal flora is functionally important for regulating intestinal mucosal immune responses. However, the extent to which a balanced intestinal flora regulates systemic immune responses is still being defined. In order to specifically examine whether the acquisition of a less complex flora influences responses to immunization in the pre-weaning stages of life, we utilize a model in which infant mice acquire an intestinal flora from their mothers that has been altered by broad-spectrum antibiotics. In this model, pregnant dams are treated with a cocktail of antibiotics that alters both the density and microbial diversity of the intestinal flora. After challenge with a subcutaneous immunization, the antibiotic altered flora infant mice have lower antigen specific antibody titers compared to control age-matched mice. In a second model, we examined germ free (GF) mice to analyze how the complete lack of flora influences the ability to mount normal antibody responses following subcutaneous immunization. GF mice do not respond well to immunization and introduction of a normal flora into GF mice restores the capacity of these mice to respond. These results indicate that a gastrointestinal flora reduced in density and complexity at critical time points during development adversely impacts immune responses to systemic antigens.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.