ArticleNature2011
Structural transformation in supercooled water controls the crystallization rate of ice.
Article in Nature, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 103 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
103 citing papers in PubMed, 740 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pulsed magnetic field-assisted cryogenic freezing of chestnuts: Effects on ice crystal dynamics, starch conversion and superior physicochemical properties.Food chemistry: X · 2026Article
- From Clusters to Bulk: Searching for the Stability Crossover between IThe journal of physical chemistry. C, Nanomaterials and interfaces · 2026Article
- Assessing Order in Liquid, Supercooled, and Crystalline Water.The journal of physical chemistry. B · 2026Article
- Solid-Liquid-Hysteresis Materials Based on Reversible Covalent Cross-Linking of Liquid Monomers.ACS polymers Au · 2026Article
- Ultra-Light Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Hydrogels: Light Weight Water Materials for Passive Thermal Management via Insulation and Cooling.Nano-micro letters · 2026Article
- Electrofreezing of Supercooled Water at -0.5 °C Induced by Al and Mg Electrodes via a Chemical Cooperative Process of "Ice-Making Species" and Electric Field.Journal of the American Chemical Society · 2025Article
- Deciphering the complexities of crystalline state(s) with molecular simulations.Communications chemistry · 2025Review
- Wide-Temperature Electrolytes for Aqueous Alkali Metal-Ion Batteries: Challenges, Progress, and Prospects.Nano-micro letters · 2025Review
- Multiphasic size-dependent growth dynamics of nanoparticle ensembles.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Passive Ice Protection Systems for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Applications: A Review.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2025Review
- Simulating atmospheric freezing of single aqueous droplets to ice in a cryogenically cooled ultrasonic levitator.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Dynamic behavior of suspending nanodroplets with coming nanodroplets on solid surfaces: A molecular dynamics study.PloS one · 2025Article
- Dynamic Fractal Ice Nano-Nucleators for Cancer Cryotherapy.Nano today · 2024Article
- Protein Nanospheres and Nanofibers Prepared by Ice-Templating for the Controlled Release of Hydrophobic Drugs.ACS applied nano materials · 2024Article
- Effect of confinement on water properties in super-hydrophilic pores using MD simulations with the mW model.Journal of molecular modeling · 2024Article
- Biophysical evidence that frostbite is triggered on nanocrystals of biogenic magnetite in garlic cloves (Allium sativum).Communications biology · 2024Article
- Two-dimensional bilayer ice in coexistence with three-dimensional ice without confinement.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Profile of Valeria P. Molinero.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Article
- Liquid-liquid transition and ice crystallization in a machine-learned coarse-grained water model.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
43 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
One of water's unsolved puzzles is the question of what determines the lowest temperature to which it can be cooled before freezing to ice. The supercooled liquid has been probed experimentally to near the homogeneous nucleation temperature, T(H) ≈ 232 K, yet the mechanism of ice crystallization-including the size and structure of critical nuclei-has not yet been resolved. The heat capacity and compressibility of liquid water anomalously increase on moving into the supercooled region, according to power laws that would diverge (that is, approach infinity) at ~225 K (refs 1, 2), so there may be a link between water's thermodynamic anomalies and the crystallization rate of ice. But probing this link is challenging because fast crystallization prevents experimental studies of the liquid below T(H). And although atomistic studies have captured water crystallization, high computational costs have so far prevented an assessment of the rates and mechanism involved. Here we report coarse-grained molecular simulations with the mW water model in the supercooled regime around T(H) which reveal that a sharp increase in the fraction of four-coordinated molecules in supercooled liquid water explains its anomalous thermodynamics and also controls the rate and mechanisms of ice formation. The results of the simulations and classical nucleation theory using experimental data suggest that the crystallization rate of water reaches a maximum around 225 K, below which ice nuclei form faster than liquid water can equilibrate. This implies a lower limit of metastability of liquid water just below T(H) and well above its glass transition temperature, 136 K. By establishing a relationship between the structural transformation in liquid water and its anomalous thermodynamics and crystallization rate, our findings also provide mechanistic insight into the observed dependence of homogeneous ice nucleation rates on the thermodynamics of water.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.