Trial reportInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2012
Frequency and amplitude modulation have different effects on the percepts elicited by retinal stimulation.
Trial report in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT00279500 (Chronic Retinal Electrodes to Provide Electrical Stimulation of the Retina to Elicit Visual Percepts in Blind Subjects), which is not on this map. Cited by 64 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Chronic Retinal Electrodes to Provide Electrical Stimulation of the Retina to Elicit Visual Percepts in Blind Subjects
Who cites it
64 citing papers in PubMed.
- Photovoltaic Restoration of Central Vision in Atrophic Age-Related Macular Degeneration.Ophthalmology · 2020Trial
- Stress-Based Assessment of Bio-Inspired Phosphene Vision Encoding: Trade-Offs Among Performance, Residual Proxy Safety Burden, and Topology-Based Representation Metrics.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Using Virtual Patients to Predict Perceptual Outcomes for Optogenetic Sight Recovery Technologies.Research square · 2026Article
- A Dynamic Virtual Channel Approach to Enhance Retinal Prosthetic Precision.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Using Virtual Patients to Predict Perceptual Outcomes for Optogenetic Sight Recovery Technologies.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Fuzzing the brain: automated stress testing for the safety of ML-driven neurostimulation.Journal of neural engineering · 2026Article
- Restoration of Sight with Electronic Retinal Prostheses.Annual review of vision science · 2025Review
- Optimizing electrical stimulation parameters to enhance visual cortex activation in retina degeneration rats.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Evaluating Deep Human-in-the-Loop Optimization for Retinal Implants Using Sighted Participants.Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference · 2025Article
- Machine Learning Techniques for Simulating Human Psychophysical Testing of Low-Resolution Phosphene Face Images in Artificial Vision.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- A virtual patient simulation modeling the neural and perceptual effects of human visual cortical stimulation, from pulse trains to percepts.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Axonal stimulation affects the linear summation of single-point perception in three Argus II users.Journal of neural engineering · 2024Article
- Enhanced organic photovoltaic-based retinal prosthesis using a cathode-modified structure with plasmonic silver nanoparticles: a computational study.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2024Article
- Axonal stimulation affects the linear summation of single-point perception in three Argus II users.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2023Article
- Patient-specific computational models of retinal prostheses.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Human-in-the-Loop Optimization for Deep Stimulus Encoding in Visual Prostheses.Advances in neural information processing systems · 2023Article
- Losing, preserving, and restoring vision from neurodegeneration in the eye.Current biology : CB · 2023Review
- Electronic Retinal Prostheses.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine · 2023Review
- Sequential epiretinal stimulation improves discrimination in simple shape discrimination tasks only.Journal of neural engineering · 2022Article
- Regenerative and restorative medicine for eye disease.Nature medicine · 2022Review
4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeIn an effort to restore functional form vision, epiretinal prostheses that elicit percepts by directly stimulating remaining retinal circuitry were implanted in human subjects with advanced retinitis pigmentosa RP). In this study, manipulating pulse train frequency and amplitude had different effects on the size and brightness of phosphene appearance.
methodsExperiments were performed on a single subject with severe RP (implanted with a 16-channel epiretinal prosthesis in 2004) on nine individual electrodes. Psychophysical techniques were used to measure both the brightness and size of phosphenes when the biphasic pulse train was varied by either modulating the current amplitude (with constant frequency) or the stimulating frequency (with constant current amplitude).
resultsIncreasing stimulation frequency always increased brightness, while having a smaller effect on the size of elicited phosphenes. In contrast, increasing stimulation amplitude generally increased both the size and brightness of phosphenes. These experimental findings can be explained by using a simple computational model based on previous psychophysical work and the expected spatial spread of current from a disc electrode.
conclusionsGiven that amplitude and frequency have separable effects on percept size, these findings suggest that frequency modulation improves the encoding of a wide range of brightness levels without a loss of spatial resolution. Future retinal prosthesis designs could benefit from having the flexibility to manipulate pulse train amplitude and frequency independently (clinicaltrials.gov number, NCT00279500).
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.