ArticleBirth defects research. Part A, Clinical and molecular teratology2012
Medications used to treat nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and the risk of selected birth defects.
Article in Birth defects research. Part A, Clinical and molecular teratology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 57 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
57 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 188 citations in OpenAlex.
- Non-pharmaceutical Chinese Medical Therapies for Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses of Randomized Controlled Trials.Chinese journal of integrative medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Risk of abnormal pregnancy outcomes after using ondansetron during pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Pooled it
- Comparison of Pregnancy Outcomes of Patients Treated With Ondansetron vs Alternative Antiemetic Medications in a Multinational, Population-Based Cohort.JAMA network open · 2021Pooled it
- Use of metoclopramide in the first trimester and risk of major congenital malformations: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2021Pooled it
- Interventions for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2015Pooled it
- Antihistamines and birth defects: a systematic review of the literature.Expert opinion on drug safety · 2014Pooled it
- A Scoping Review of 5-HTPharmacoepidemiology and drug safety · 2026Article
- The Therapeutic Landscape of Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy and Hyperemesis Gravidarum: Five Decades of Evolving Treatment and Supportive Care.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Dispensing of Antiemetics During Pregnancy in Aotearoa New Zealand, 2005-2020.The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology · 2026Article
- Registered Prevalence and Regional Characteristics of Congenital Anomalies in the Turkistan Region.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Multidisciplinary management of pregnancy-associated breast cancer: a clinical pharmacy perspective on chemotherapy and perinatal outcomes.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Review
- ITP in pregnancy: diagnostics and therapeutics in 2024.Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program · 2024Review
- Drug-associated congenital anomalies of the external ear identified in the United States food and drug administration adverse event reporting system database.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Cancer in pregnancy: treatment effects.Abdominal radiology (New York) · 2023Review
- Weight gain patterns among pregnancies with obesity and small- and large-for-gestational-age births.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2023Article
- Association Between Proton Pump Inhibitor Use During Early Pregnancy and Risk of Congenital Malformations.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- Ondansetron versus metoclopramide for managing hyperemesis gravidarum: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Turkish journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 2022Article
- Patterns of antiemetic medication use during pregnancy: A multi-country retrospective cohort study.PloS one · 2022Article
- Risk of Pregnancy Termination and Congenital Anomalies After Domperidone Exposure: A Study in the EFEMERIS Database.Drug safety · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundNausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP) occurs in up to 80% of pregnant women, but its association with birth outcomes is not clear. Several medications are used for the treatment of NVP; however, data are limited on their possible associations with birth defects.
methodsUsing data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS)-a multi-site, population-based, case-control study-we examined whether NVP or its treatment was associated with the most common noncardiac defects in the NBDPS (nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate [CL/P], cleft palate alone [CP], neural tube defects, and hypospadias) compared with randomly selected nonmalformed live births.
resultsAmong the 4524 cases and 5859 controls included in this study, 67.1% reported first-trimester NVP, and 15.4% of them reported using at least one agent for NVP. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy was not associated with CP or neural tube defects, but modest risk reductions were observed for CL/P (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.77-0.98) and hypospadias (aOR = 0.84; 95% CI, 0.72-0.98). Regarding treatments for NVP in the first trimester, the following adjusted associations were observed with an increased risk: proton pump inhibitors and hypospadias (aOR = 4.36; 95% CI, 1.21-15.81), steroids and hypospadias (aOR = 2.87; 95% CI, 1.03-7.97), and ondansetron and CP (aOR = 2.37; 95% CI, 1.18-4.76), whereas antacids were associated with a reduced risk for CL/P (aOR = 0.58; 95% CI, 0.38-0.89).
conclusionsNVP was not observed to be associated with an increased risk of birth defects; however, possible risks related to three treatments (i.e., proton pump inhibitors, steroids and ondansetron), which could be chance findings, warrant further investigation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.