ArticleJournal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society2012
A physical mechanism to explain the delivery of chemical penetration enhancers into skin during transdermal sonophoresis - Insight into the observed synergism.
Article in Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Enhancing Dermal Absorption of Cosmeceuticals: Innovations and Techniques for Targeted Skin Delivery.Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2025Pooled it
- Transdermal needle-free drug delivery approaches and activation mechanism.Materials today. Bio · 2026Review
- A piezoelectric-driven microneedle platform for skin disease therapy.Innovation (Cambridge (Mass.)) · 2024Article
- How physical techniques improve the transdermal permeation of therapeutics: A review.Medicine · 2022Review
- Promising Natural Products in New Drug Design, Development, and Therapy for Skin Disorders: An Overview of Scientific Evidence and Understanding Their Mechanism of Action.Drug design, development and therapy · 2022Review
- Gene Delivery to the Skin - How Far Have We Come?Trends in biotechnology · 2021Review
- Inverse Mechanistic Modeling of Transdermal Drug Delivery for Fast Identification of Optimal Model Parameters.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2021Article
- Bifunctional Therapeutic Application of Low-Frequency Ultrasound Associated with Zinc Phthalocyanine-Loaded Micelles.International journal of nanomedicine · 2020Article
- Mechanism investigation of ethosomes transdermal permeation.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2019Article
- Defining optimal permeant characteristics for ultrasound-mediated gastrointestinal delivery.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2017Article
- The Effect and Mechanism of Transdermal Penetration Enhancement of Fu's Cupping Therapy: New Physical Penetration Technology for Transdermal Administration with Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Characteristics.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2017Article
- Hydrogel increases localized transport regions and skin permeability during low frequency ultrasound treatment.Scientific reports · 2017Article
- Solid-in-oil nanodispersions for transdermal drug delivery systems.Biotechnology journal · 2016Review
- In silico prediction of percutaneous absorption and disposition kinetics of chemicals.Pharmaceutical research · 2015Article
- Applicability and safety of dual-frequency ultrasonic treatment for the transdermal delivery of drugs.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2015Article
- Fetal membrane transport enhancement using ultrasound for drug delivery and noninvasive detection.Pharmaceutical research · 2015Article
- Rapid skin permeabilization by the simultaneous application of dual-frequency, high-intensity ultrasound.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2012Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The synergism between low-frequency sonophoresis (LFS) and chemical penetration enhancers (CPEs), especially surfactants, in transdermal enhancement has been investigated extensively since this phenomenon was first observed over a decade ago. In spite of the identifying that the origin of this synergism is the increased penetration and subsequent dispersion of CPEs in the skin in response to LFS treatment, to date, no mechanism has been directly proposed to explain how LFS induces the observed increased transport of CPEs. In this study, we propose a plausible physical mechanism by which the transport of all CPEs is expected to have significantly increased flux into the localized-transport regions (LTRs) of LFS-treated skin. Specifically, the collapse of acoustic cavitation microjets within LTRs induces a convective flux. In addition, because amphiphilic molecules preferentially adsorb onto the gas/water interface of cavitation bubbles, amphiphiles have an additional adsorptive flux. In this sense, the cavitation bubbles effectively act as carriers for amphiphilic molecules, delivering surfactants directly into the skin when they collapse at the skin surface as cavitation microjets. The flux equations derived for CPE delivery into the LTRs and non-LTRs during LFS treatment, compared to that for untreated skin, explain why the transport of all CPEs, and to an even greater extent amphiphilic CPEs, is increased during LFS treatment. The flux model is tested with a non-amphiphilic CPE (propylene glycol) and both nonionic and ionic amphiphilic CPEs (octyl glucoside and sodium lauryl sulfate, respectively), by measuring the flux of each CPE into untreated skin and the LTRs and non-LTRs of LFS-treated skin. The resulting data shows very good agreement with the proposed flux model.
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Registered trials
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