ReviewAdvances in virus research2011
Human immunodeficiency virus viral protein R as an extracellular protein in neuropathogenesis.
Review in Advances in virus research, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Roles of neuropathology-associated reactive astrocytes: a systematic review.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2023Pooled it
- HIV Genome-Wide Protein Associations: a Review of 30 Years of Research.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2016Pooled it
- Inflammatory microglia signals drive A1-like polarization of astrocytes even in the presence of HIV-1 Tat.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Oxidative Stress in HIV-Associated Neurodegeneration: Mechanisms of Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Targets.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Viruses and the Brain-A Relationship Prone to Trouble.Viruses · 2025Review
- Genotoxic consequences of viral infections.Npj viruses · 2025Review
- CRL4-DCAF1 Ubiquitin Ligase Dependent Functions of HIV Viral Protein R and Viral Protein X.Viruses · 2024Review
- Multiomics Evaluation of Human iPSCs and iPSC-Derived Neurons.Journal of proteome research · 2024Article
- Caspase cleavage of gasdermin E causes neuronal pyroptosis in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2024Article
- Intercellular Transport of Viral Proteins.Results and problems in cell differentiation · 2024Review
- Viral protein R (Vpr)-induced neuroinflammation and its potential contribution to neuronal dysfunction: a scoping review.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Crucial Role of Central Nervous System as a Viral Anatomical Compartment for HIV-1 Infection.Microorganisms · 2021Review
- Viral protein R polymorphisms in the pathogenesis of HIV-associated acute ischaemic stroke: a case-control study.Journal of neurovirology · 2021Article
- Non-thermal plasma modulates cellular markers associated with immunogenicity in a model of latent HIV-1 infection.PloS one · 2021Article
- Article
- Genetic variation and function of the HIV-1 Tat protein.Medical microbiology and immunology · 2019Review
- The role of exosomal transport of viral agents in persistent HIV pathogenesis.Retrovirology · 2018Review
- Codon optimization and improved delivery/immunization regimen enhance the immune response against wild-type and drug-resistant HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, preserving its Th2-polarity.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Specific amino acids in HIV-1 Vpr are significantly associated with differences in patient neurocognitive status.Journal of neurovirology · 2017Article
- The HIV-1 Vpr Protein: A Multifaceted Target for Therapeutic Intervention.International journal of molecular sciences · 2017Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Numerous studies published in the past two decades have identified the viral protein R (Vpr) as one of the most versatile proteins in the life cycle of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). In this regard, more than a thousand Vpr molecules are present in extracellular viral particles. Subsequent to viral entry, Vpr participates in early replicative events by assisting in viral genome nuclear import and, during the viral life cycle, by shuttling between the nucleus and the cytoplasm to accomplish its functions within the context of other replicative functions. Additionally, several studies have implicated Vpr as a proapoptotic protein because it promotes formation of permeability transition pores in mitochondria, which in turn affects transmembrane potential and adenosine triphosphate synthesis. Recent studies have identified Vpr as a virion-free protein in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients infected with HIV-1 whose plasma viremia directly correlates with the extracellular concentration of Vpr. These observations pointed to a new role for Vpr as an additional weapon in the HIV-1 arsenal, involving the use of an extracellular protein to target and possibly inhibit HIV-1-uninfected bystander cells to enable them to escape immune surveillance. In addition, extracellular Vpr decreases adenosine triphosphate levels and affects the intracellular redox balance in neurons, ultimately causing their apoptosis. Herein, we review the role of Vpr as an extracellular protein and its downstream effects on cellular metabolism, functionality, and survival, with particular emphasis on how extracellular Vpr-induced oxidative stress might aggravate HIV-1-induced symptoms, thus affecting pathogenesis and disease progression.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.