ReviewClinical reviews in allergy & immunology2012
Hygiene hypothesis and autoimmune diseases.
Review in Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 189 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
189 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 397 citations in OpenAlex.
- REGIONAL AND MULTIFACTORIAL PATTERNS OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE IN BRAZIL: A SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF HOT SPOTS IN WESTERN SÃO PAULO AND PARANÁ.Arquivos de gastroenterologia · 2026Pooled it
- Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in patients with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International health · 2024Pooled it
- Organic solvents as risk factor for autoimmune diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2012Pooled it
- Recent advances and clinical relevance of microbiome dynamics in health and disease.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- The impact for causal associations between common diseases and inflammatory bowel disease: a disease-wide bidirectional Mendelian randomization study.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2026Article
- Review
- Gnotobiotic mouse models as tools for dissecting the role of the microbiota in allergy: contributions from the laboratory of gnotobiology in Nový Hrádek.Folia microbiologica · 2026Review
- Adaptive bandwidth of immunity: a systems-level framework for understanding immune regulation across time.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The Neuroimmunology of Autism.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- The Evolutionary Misfit: Evolution, Epigenetics, and the Rise of Non-Communicable Diseases.Epigenomes · 2025Review
- Environmental and skin-nasal microbiome variation in South African children with atopic dermatitis.BMC microbiology · 2025Article
- Impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on early life gut microbiome.Gut microbes · 2025Article
- Noise as Medicine: The Role of Microbial and Electrical Noise in Restoring Neuroimmune Tolerance Through Stochastic Resonance.NeuroSci · 2025Review
- Impact of shared spaces and daily routines on shared microbiome.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Rethinking early-life pathogen exposure: Lessons from a natural experiment controlling hookworms.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Pre-chewing for weaning: A traditional method for allergy prevention? Rationale, study design, and methods of the open-label trial-Solids-by-Kiss.Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · 2025Article
- Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide in Incretin Physiology: Role in Health and Disease.Endocrine reviews · 2025Review
- Article
- Regulatory T-Cells During Pregnancy Relate to Women's Own Childhood History of Microbial Exposure.American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council · 2025Article
- The Bicocca sampling days model: a participatory citizen science approach to environmental microbiome research and education.ISME communications · 2025Article
129 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Throughout the twentieth century, there were striking increases in the incidences of many chronic inflammatory disorders in the rich developed countries. These included autoimmune disorders such as Type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis. Although genetics and specific triggering mechanisms such as molecular mimicry and viruses are likely to be involved, the increases have been so rapid that any explanation that omits environmental change is incomplete. This chapter suggests that a series of environmental factors, most of them microbial, have led to a decrease in the efficiency of our immunoregulatory mechanisms because we are in a state of evolved dependence on organisms with which we co-evolved (and that had to be tolerated) as inducers of immunoregulatory circuits. These organisms ("Old Friends") are depleted from the modern urban environment. Rather than considering fetal programming by maternal microbial exposures, neonatal programming, the hygiene hypothesis, gut microbiota, and diet as separate and competing hypotheses, I attempt here to integrate these ideas under a single umbrella concept that can provide the missing immunoregulatory environmental factor that is needed to explain the recent increases in autoimmune disease.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.