ArticleNeuro-oncology2012
Propentofylline decreases tumor growth in a rodent model of glioblastoma multiforme by a direct mechanism on microglia.
Article in Neuro-oncology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 62 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Targeting immune microenvironment in cervical cancer: current research and advances.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Review
- Role of Molecular Targeted Therapeutic Drugs in Treatment of Glioblastoma: A Review Article.Global medical genetics · 2023Review
- Article
- Review
- Macrophages in Glioblastoma Development and Therapy: A Double-Edged Sword.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Glioma targeted therapy: insight into future of molecular approaches.Molecular cancer · 2022Review
- The Pivotal Immunoregulatory Functions of Microglia and Macrophages in Glioma Pathogenesis and Therapy.Journal of oncology · 2022Review
- Regulatory pattern of abnormal promoter CpG island methylation in the glioblastoma multiforme classification.Frontiers in genetics · 2022Article
- Tumor microenvironment: a prospective target of natural alkaloids for cancer treatment.Cancer cell international · 2021Review
- Natural Small Molecules Targeting NF-κB Signaling in Glioblastoma.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2021Review
- Therapeutic potential of natural products in glioblastoma treatment: targeting key glioblastoma signaling pathways and epigenetic alterations.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2020Review
- Immune biology of glioma-associated macrophages and microglia: functional and therapeutic implications.Neuro-oncology · 2020Review
- Immune Escape in Glioblastoma Multiforme and the Adaptation of Immunotherapies for Treatment.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Molecular Heterogeneity and Immunosuppressive Microenvironment in Glioblastoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Review
- Glioma Cell and Astrocyte Co-cultures As a Model to Study Tumor-Tissue Interactions: A Review of Methods.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2018Review
- Natural products: a hope for glioblastoma patients.Oncotarget · 2018Review
- Developments in Blood-Brain Barrier Penetrance and Drug Repurposing for Improved Treatment of Glioblastoma.Frontiers in oncology · 2018Review
- Remodeling the blood-brain barrier microenvironment by natural products for brain tumor therapy.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2017Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary brain cancer, with a median survival of less than 2 years after diagnosis. The tumor microenvironment plays a critical role in tumor invasion and progression. Microglia and infiltrating macrophages are the most abundant immune cells in the tumor. In the present study, we demonstrate that systemic propentofylline (PPF), an atypical methylxanthine with central nervous system (CNS) glial modulating and anti-inflammatory actions, significantly decreased tumor growth in a CNS-1 rat model of GBM by targeting microglia and not tumor cells. Rats received tumor injections of 1 × 10(5) CNS-1 cells in the right striatum with daily intraperitonial injections of PPF (50 mg/kg) or saline beginning the day of tumor injection. PPF did not cause apoptosis or decrease proliferation of CNS-1 tumor cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate, using in vitro methods, that PPF decreased microglial migration toward CNS-1 tumor cells and decreased MMP-9 expression. The effects of PPF were shown to be specific to microglia and not peripheral macrophages. These results support a differential functional role of resident microglia and infiltrating macrophages in the brain tumor environment. Our data highlight microglia as a crucial target for future therapeutic development and present PPF as a possible drug for treatment of human GBM.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.