ReviewStem cells and development2012
Brief review of models of ectopic bone formation.
Review in Stem cells and development, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 84 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
84 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Use of Amniotic Membrane and Its Derived Products for Bone Regeneration: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2021Pooled it
- BMP-7 mRNA delivered by Fibrin-CaP scaffolds activates osteogenic programs in vivo as evidenced by transcriptomic and proteomic analyses.Bioactive materials · 2026Article
- Geometry-Dependent Osteogenic Performance of Demineralized Dentin Matrix as a Carrier for rhBMP-2.Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine · 2026Article
- Anti-miR-195-engineered mesenchymal stem cells promote migration, vascularization, and ECM protein expression in vivo.Stem cell research & therapy · 2026Article
- Article
- The IL-33/ST2 Axis Promotes Traumatic Heterotopic Ossification by Driving Macrophage and Mast Cell-Mediated Inflammation via Autophagy Defects.International journal of biological sciences · 2026Article
- Bone Induction as a Function of Size and Chemical Composition of Calcium Phosphate Granules in Osteogrow-C Evaluated in Animal Models: A 1-Year Follow-Up.Biomaterials research · 2026Article
- BMP3 Deficiency Accelerates Cartilage-to-Bone Transition in Ectopic Bone.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Mineral-Binding Peptide Inhibits Ectopic Mineralization Secondary to Bone Morphogenetic Protein Stimulation.Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials · 2025Article
- Optimizing the Handling of Cancellous Bone Grafts to Preserve Their Osteogenic Potential in Craniofacial Surgery.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Rapid assessment of the osteogenic capacity of hydroxyapatite/aragonite using a murine tibial periosteal ossification model.Bioactive materials · 2025Article
- Nanoclay gels attenuate BMP2-associated inflammation and promote chondrogenesis to enhance BMP2-spinal fusion.Bioactive materials · 2025Article
- PDGF-BB overexpressing dental pulp stem cells improve angiogenesis in dental pulp regeneration.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2025Article
- Pre-vascularized porous gelatin-coated β-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds for bone regeneration: an in vivo and in vitro investigation.In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Animal · 2025Article
- Fibroblasts in heterotopic ossification: mechanisms and therapeutic targets.International journal of biological sciences · 2025Review
- Humanized In Vivo Bone Tissue Engineering: In Vitro Preculture Conditions Control the Structural, Cellular, and Matrix Composition of Humanized Bone Organs.Advanced healthcare materials · 2025Article
- Animal models and related techniques for dentin study.Odontology · 2025Review
- Unraveling devitalization: its impact on immune response and ectopic bone remodeling from autologous and allogeneic callus mimics.Stem cells translational medicine · 2024Article
- Why Animal Experiments Are Still Indispensable in Bone Research: A Statement by the European Calcified Tissue Society.Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research · 2023Review
- Regulating macrophage-MSC interaction to optimize BMP-2-induced osteogenesis in the local microenvironment.Bioactive materials · 2023Article
24 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Ectopic bone formation is a unique biologic entity--distinct from other areas of skeletal biology. Animal research models of ectopic bone formation most often employ rodent models and have unique advantages over orthotopic (bone) environments, including a relative lack of bone cytokine stimulation and cell-to-cell interaction with endogenous (host) bone-forming cells. This allows for relatively controlled in vivo experimental bone formation. A wide variety of ectopic locations have been used for experimentation, including subcutaneous, intramuscular, and kidney capsule transplantation. The method, benefits and detractions of each method are summarized in the following review. Briefly, subcutaneous implantation is the simplest method. However, the most pertinent concern is the relative paucity of bone formation in comparison to other models. Intramuscular implantation is also widely used and relatively simple, however intramuscular implants are exposed to skeletal muscle satellite progenitor cells. Thus, distinguishing host from donor osteogenesis becomes challenging without cell-tracking studies. The kidney capsule (perirenal or renal capsule) method is less widely used and more technically challenging. It allows for supraphysiologic blood and nutrient resource, promoting robust bone growth. In summary, ectopic bone models are extremely useful in the evaluation of bone-forming stem cells, new osteoinductive biomaterials, and growth factors; an appropriate choice of model, however, will greatly increase experimental success.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.