ArticleTrends in genetics : TIG2012
The end of gonad-centric sex determination in mammals.
Article in Trends in genetics : TIG, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 91 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
91 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Sex chromosome aneuploidy impacts on human gene expression and regulation: a systematic review.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Pooled it
- Greater male than female variability in regional brain structure across the lifespan.Human brain mapping · 2022Pooled it
- Synaptic, cellular, and circuit mechanisms underlying sex differences in behaviors.Biology of sex differences · 2026Review
- Sex differences in congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy (CHED) and Slc4a11Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Gonadal and sex chromosomal contributions to sex differences in mammalian brain organization.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Sex differences in endothelial cell biology: cellular phenotypes and molecular regulators.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Review
- The impact of biological variables on cell kinetics and differentiation dynamics in the mouse incisor epithelium.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Evolutionary divergence between homologous X-Y chromosome genes shapes sex-biased biology.Nature ecology & evolution · 2025Article
- Gastrulation-stage alcohol exposure induces similar rates of craniofacial malformations in male and female C57BL/6J mice.Birth defects research · 2024Article
- Sex chromosome mechanisms in cardiac development and disease.Nature cardiovascular research · 2023Article
- Integrative epigenome profiling of 47XXY provides insights into whole genomic DNA hypermethylation and active chromatin accessibility.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2023Article
- Modeling sex differences in humans using isogenic induced pluripotent stem cells.Stem cell reports · 2022Article
- X chromosome agents of sexual differentiation.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2022Review
- Sex differences in the human brain: a roadmap for more careful analysis and interpretation of a biological reality.Biology of sex differences · 2022Article
- Relative contributions of sex hormones, sex chromosomes, and gonads to sex differences in tissue gene regulation.Genome research · 2022Article
- Female and male mice have differential longterm cardiorenal outcomes following a matched degree of ischemia-reperfusion acute kidney injury.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Y chromosome is moving out of sex determination shadow.Cell & bioscience · 2022Review
- Consequences of sex differences in Type I IFN responses for the regulation of antiviral immunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Research Centers Collaborative Network Workshop on Sex and Gender Differences in Aging.Innovation in aging · 2022Article
- Cardiac cellularity is dependent upon biological sex and is regulated by gonadal hormones.Cardiovascular research · 2021Article
31 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
Abstract
The 20th-century theory of mammalian sex determination states that the embryo is sexually indifferent until the differentiation of gonads, after which sex differences in phenotype are caused by the differential effects of gonadal hormones. However, this theory is inadequate because some sex differences precede differentiation of the gonads and/or are determined by non-gonadal effects of the sexual inequality in the number and type of sex chromosomes. In this article, I propose a general theory of sex determination, which recognizes multiple parallel primary sex-determining pathways initiated by genes or factors encoded by the sex chromosomes. The separate sex-specific pathways interact to synergize with or antagonize each other, enhancing or reducing sex differences in phenotype.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.