ReviewExpert opinion on pharmacotherapy2011
Blockade of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 as a new therapeutic approach for advanced melanoma.
Review in Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed.
- Role of pyroptosis in melanoma: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potentials.Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death · 2026Review
- Immune checkpoint inhibitors and cardiovascular toxicity: immunology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management.Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis · 2025Review
- NR2F1 and mTORC1 provide the bridge between melanoma dormancy and therapeutic resistance.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Article
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Associated Cutaneous Adverse Events: Mechanisms of Occurrence.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- A Comprehensive Review of Various Therapeutic Strategies for the Management of Skin Cancer.ACS omega · 2024Review
- Combination of CTLA-4 blockade with MUC1 mRNA nanovaccine induces enhanced anti-tumor CTL activity by modulating tumor microenvironment of triple negative breast cancer.Translational oncology · 2022Article
- Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitors in B-Cell Lymphoma.Cancers · 2021Review
- Recent Advances in Monoclonal Antibody Therapy for Colorectal Cancers.Biomedicines · 2021Review
- Immune Modulation Plus Tumor Ablation: Adjuvants and Antibodies to Prime and Boost Anti-Tumor ImmunityFrontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Electrical Stimulation for Immune Modulation in Cancer Treatments.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2021Review
- Engineering nanoparticles to reprogram radiotherapy and immunotherapy: recent advances and future challenges.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2020Review
- Immune checkpoint inhibitors: a narrative review of considerations for the anaesthesiologist.British journal of anaesthesia · 2020Review
- Cancer Vaccines: Toward the Next Breakthrough in Cancer Immunotherapy.Journal of immunology research · 2020Review
- Immunometabolism: A new target for improving cancer immunotherapy.Advances in cancer research · 2019Review
- CTLA-4 methylation regulates the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis and the expression of related cytokines.Medicine · 2018Article
- Combination Immunotherapy of MUC1 mRNA Nano-vaccine and CTLA-4 Blockade Effectively Inhibits Growth of Triple Negative Breast Cancer.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2018Article
- Association of CTLA-4 gene polymorphisms -318C/T and +49A/G and Hashimoto's thyroidits in Zahedan, Iran.Biomedical reports · 2017Article
- Challenges and future perspectives of T cell immunotherapy in cancer.Immunology letters · 2015Review
- Gene Expression Profiling and Pathway Network Analysis Predicts a Novel Antitumor Function for a Botanical-Derived Drug, PG2.Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM · 2015Article
- The pan-Aurora kinase inhibitor, PHA-739358, induces apoptosis and inhibits migration in melanoma cell lines.Melanoma research · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionThe incidence of melanoma continues to rise, and prognosis in patients with metastatic melanoma remains poor. The cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) serves as one of the primary immune check points and downregulates T-cell activation pathways. Enhancing T-cell activation by antibody blockade of CTLA-4 provides a new approach to overcome tumor-induced immune tolerance. Recently, anti-CTLA-4 therapy demonstrated significant clinical benefits in patients with metastatic melanoma, which led to the approval of ipilimumab by the FDA in early 2011. AREAS COVERED: The fundamental concepts underlying CTLA-4 blockade-potentiated immune activation are presented in this paper, along with the scientific rationale for and the preclinical evidence supporting CTLA-4-targeted cancer immunotherapy. It also provides an update on clinical trials with anti-CTLA-4 inhibitors and discusses the associated autoimmune toxicity. EXPERT OPINION: Given that overall survival is the only validated end point for anti-CTLA-4 therapy, the clinical implications of the antigen or tumor-specific immunity in patients remain to be clarified. Additional research is necessary to elucidate the prognostic significance of immune-related side effects and significantly optimize the treatment regimens. An improved understanding of the mechanisms of action of CTLA-4 antibodies may also culminate in wide-ranging clinical applications of this new therapy for other tumor types.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.