ArticlePloS one2011
KIR-HLA genotypes in HIV-infected patients lacking immunological recovery despite effective antiretroviral therapy.
Article in PloS one, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Tenofovir, Interferon Pathways, and Mucosal Immunity: Implications for People Living With HIV.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2026Review
- Immune non-response despite effective antiretroviral therapy in people living with HIV: A review of potential mechanisms, biomarkers and therapeutic approaches.HIV medicine · 2026Review
- Immune cell subset profiling and metabolic dysregulation define the divergent immune microenvironments in HIV immunological non-responders.Clinical and translational medicine · 2025Article
- The Role of Killer Ig-like Receptors in Diseases from A to Z.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- NK Count and Natural Cytotoxicity in Immune Nonresponders Versus Responders Living With HIV.Journal of medical virology · 2025Article
- How to properly define immunological nonresponse to antiretroviral therapy in people living with HIV? an integrative review.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Multi-omics in HIV: searching insights to understand immunological non-response in PLHIV.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- HLA-B*13, B*35 and B*39 Alleles Are Closely Associated With the Lack of Response to ART in HIV Infection: A Cohort Study in a Population of Northern Brazil.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- NK Cell Subpopulations and Receptor Expression in Recovering SARS-CoV-2 Infection.Molecular neurobiology · 2021Article
- Genetic variation in CCR2 and CXCL12 genes impacts on CD4 restoration in patients initiating cART with advanced immunesupression.PloS one · 2019Article
- 'Emergency exit' of bone-marrow-resident CD34(+)DNAM-1(bright)CXCR4(+)-committed lymphoid precursors during chronic infection and inflammation.Nature communications · 2015Observational
- Multilayered HIV-1 gag-specific T-cell responses contribute to slow progression in HLA-A*30-B*13-C*06-positive patients.AIDS (London, England) · 2015Article
- Activating KIRs and NKG2C in Viral Infections: Toward NK Cell Memory?Frontiers in immunology · 2015Review
- KIR3DS1/L1 and HLA-Bw4-80I are associated with HIV disease progression among HIV typical progressors and long-term nonprogressors.BMC infectious diseases · 2013Article
- Anti-apoptotic mechanisms of HIV: lessons and novel approaches to curing HIV.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2013Review
- Neonatal natural killer cell function: relevance to antiviral immune defense.Clinical & developmental immunology · 2013Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIn HIV-infected individuals, mechanisms underlying unsatisfactory immune recovery during effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) have yet to be fully understood. We investigated whether polymorphism of genes encoding immune-regulating molecules, such as killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) and their ligands class I human leukocyte antigen (HLA), could influence immunological response to cART.
methodsKIR and HLA frequencies were analyzed in 154 HIV-infected and cART-treated patients with undetectable viral load divided into two groups: 'immunological non responders' (INR, N = 50, CD4(+) T-cell count <200/mm(3)) and full responders (FR, N = 104, CD4(+) T-cell count >350/mm(3)). Molecular KIR were typed using polymerase chain reaction-based genotyping. Comparisons were adjusted for baseline patient characteristics.
resultsThe frequency of KIR2DL3 allele was significantly higher in FR than in INR (83.7% vs. 62%, P = 0.005). The functional compound genotype HLA-C1(+)/KIR2DL3(+), even at multivariable analysis, when adjusted for nadir CD4(+) T-cell count, was associated with reduced risk of INR status: odds ratio (95% Confidence Intervals) 0.34 (0.13-0.88), P = 0.03.
conclusionsReduced presence of the inhibitory KIR2DL3 genotype detected in INR might provoke an imbalance in NK function, possibly leading to increased immune activation, impaired killing of latently infected cells, and higher proviral burden. These factors would hinder full immune recovery during therapy.
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