ArticleGMS current topics in otorhinolaryngology, head and neck surgery2007
Classification and diagnosis of ear malformations.
Article in GMS current topics in otorhinolaryngology, head and neck surgery, 2007. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 95 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of congenital external ear anomalies and their associated factors.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Pooled it
- External ear malformations and cardiac and renal anomalies: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2024Pooled it
- Relationship Between External Ear Severity and Temporal Bone Malformation in Microtia: A Computed Tomography Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- An Overview of the Currently Used Congenital Auricular Anomalies (CAA) Classifications for Surgical Reconstruction: A Scoping Review.The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association · 2026Article
- Empty oval window associated with ossicular malformation: Our experience and a review of the literature.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2026Review
- Development of the membranous labyrinth in E9.5 to E14.5 C57BL/6N mouse embryos. Stage specific metric and descriptive reference data and their use for identifying malformations.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Article
- Anthropometric Study of the Human Ear Among Patients Visiting People's Dental College and Hospital: An Observational Study.JNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association · 2025Observational
- Comparative Assessment of Effectiveness of Various Fixation Methods for Auricular Prostheses.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2025Article
- Two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasonographic diagnosis of congenital auricular anomalies.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- An Oropharyngeal Accessory Tragus in a Young Patient With Conductive Hearing Loss.Clinical case reports · 2025Article
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- Article
- Toxicity of nuclear-localized GFP in reporter mice.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- A Consolidated Understanding of the Contribution of Redox Dysregulation in the Development of Hearing Impairment.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- CHARGE syndrome with early fetal ear abnormalities: A case report.Clinical case reports · 2024Article
- Morphometric Parameters of the Ear and Their Sexual Dimorphism in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia.Cureus · 2024Article
- Review
- Tissue engineering of human ear pinna.Cell and tissue banking · 2022Review
- Anatomical Variations, Surgical Difficulties, and Complications Associated with Cochlear Implantation in Different Age Groups of the Pediatric Population of Nepal: A Tertiary Level Hospital-Based Study.Indian journal of otolaryngology and head and neck surgery : official publication of the Association of Otolaryngologists of India · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In the ENT region 50% of the malformations affect the ear. Malformations of the outer and middle ear are predominantly unilateral (ca. 70-90%) and mostly involve the right ear. Inner ear malformations can be unilateral or bilateral. The incidence of ear malformations is approximately 1 in 3800 newborns. Ear malformations may be genetic (associated with syndromes or not, with family history, spontaneous mutations) or acquired in nature. Malformations can affect the outer ear (pinna and external auditory canal, EAC), middle ear and inner ear, not infrequently in combination. Formal classification is advisable in order to be able to predict the prognosis and compare treatment schedules. Various classifications have been proposed: pinna and EAC malformations according to Weerda [1], middle ear malformations according to Kösling [2], and inner ear malformations according to Jackler [3], [4], to Marangos [5] and to Sennaroglu [6]. Additionally, we describe Altmann's classification of atresia auris congenita [7] and the Siegert-Mayer-Weerda score [8] for EAC and middle ear malformations, systems of great practicability that are in widespread clinical use. The diagnostic steps include clinical examination, audiological testing, genetic analysis and, especially, CT and MRI. These imaging methods are most usefully employed in combination. Precise description of the malformations by means of CT and MRI is indispensable for the planning and successful outcome of operative ear reconstruction and rehabilitation procedures, including cochlear implantation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
22073081PMC3199848W1495047586What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.