ReviewToxins2011
Passive and active vaccination strategies to prevent ricin poisoning.
Review in Toxins, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- Ricin as a Biothreat Agent: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Toxicology, Forensic Aspects, and Risk Mitigation.BioMed research international · 2026Review
- Clinical and laboratory findings in patients with castor bean (Avicenna journal of phytomedicine · 2026Article
- The Search for Antidotes Against Ricin.Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry · 2024Review
- Article
- Distinct Metabolic States Are Observed in Hypoglycemia Induced in Mice by Ricin Toxin or by Fasting.Toxins · 2022Article
- A Novel Humanized Anti-Abrin A Chain Antibody Inhibits Abrin ToxicityFrontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Article
- Article
- Using homology modeling to interrogate binding affinity in neutralization of ricin toxin by a family of single domain antibodies.Proteins · 2017Article
- Structural Analysis of Single Domain Antibodies Bound to a Second Neutralizing Hot Spot on Ricin Toxin's Enzymatic Subunit.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2017Article
- Spatial location of neutralizing and non-neutralizing B cell epitopes on domain 1 of ricin toxin's binding subunit.PloS one · 2017Article
- Particulate delivery systems for vaccination against bioterrorism agents and emerging infectious pathogens.Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology · 2017Review
- Ricin Toxicity: Clinical and Molecular Aspects.Reports of biochemistry & molecular biology · 2016Article
- Clinical and Pathological Findings Associated with Aerosol Exposure of Macaques to Ricin Toxin.Toxins · 2015Article
- Review
- A novel recombinant vaccine protecting mice against abrin intoxication.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2015Article
- Article
- Absorption, distribution and pathological injury in mice due to ricin poisoning via the alimentary pathway.Journal of toxicologic pathology · 2014Article
- Peptide-conjugated pterins as inhibitors of ricin toxin A.Journal of medicinal chemistry · 2013Article
- Antibody to ricin a chain hinders intracellular routing of toxin and protects cells even after toxin has been internalized.PloS one · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Ricin toxin (RT) is derived from castor beans, produced by the plant Ricinus communis. RT and its toxic A chain (RTA) have been used therapeutically to arm ligands that target disease-causing cells. In most cases these ligands are cell-binding monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). These ligand-toxin conjugates or immunotoxins (ITs) have shown success in clinical trials [1]. Ricin is also of concern in biodefense and has been classified by the CDC as a Class B biothreat. Virtually all reports of RT poisoning have been due to ingestion of castor beans, since they grow abundantly throughout the world and are readily available. RT is easily purified and stable, and is not difficult to weaponize. RT must be considered during any "white powder" incident and there have been documented cases of its use in espionage [2,3]. The clinical syndrome resulting from ricin intoxication is dependent upon the route of exposure. Countermeasures to prevent ricin poisoning are being developed and their use will depend upon whether military or civilian populations are at risk of exposure. In this review we will discuss ricin toxin, its cellular mode of action, the clinical syndromes that occur following exposure and the development of pre- and post-exposure approaches to prevent of intoxication.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.