ReviewToxins2011
Ricinus communis intoxications in human and veterinary medicine-a summary of real cases.
Review in Toxins, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 62 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
62 citing papers in PubMed, 237 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comprehensive detection of ricin following oral exposure: feces as the key diagnostic matrix.Archives of toxicology · 2026Article
- MARLOWE: taxonomic characterization of unknown samples for forensics using de novo peptide identification.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- AI/ML-based computational models for toxicity prediction.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2026Review
- Development of an InnovativeToxins · 2026Article
- Clinical and laboratory findings in patients with castor bean (Avicenna journal of phytomedicine · 2026Article
- Medicinal plants of Sabah (North Borneo): lest we forget.Pharmaceutical biology · 2025Review
- Article
- Polyclonal antibodies towards abrin and ricin-design and potential application for mass spectrometry-based analysis of human biosamples.Archives of toxicology · 2025Article
- Cracking the code: the clinical and molecular impact of aminopyridines; a review (2019-2024).RSC advances · 2025Review
- Study on the potential capacity of cake fertilizer agricultural solid emission reduction and soil improvement based on CiteSpace.Frontiers in plant science · 2025Article
- Article
- Plants' Impact on the Human Brain-Exploring the Neuroprotective and Neurotoxic Potential of Plants.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Article
- Ricin intoxication by lethal dose of castor seeds ingestion: a case report.Journal of medical case reports · 2024Article
- Production of Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) byFoods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- An appraisal of traditional knowledge of plant poisoning of livestock and its validation through acute toxicity assay in rats.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- The Search for Antidotes Against Ricin.Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry · 2024Review
- Deliberate Self-Poisoning with Plants in Southeastern France, a Poison Center 20-Year Report.Toxins · 2023Review
- Feed plants, ethnoveterinary medicine, and biocultural values: insights on the Luchuan pig from Hakka communities in China.Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine · 2023Article
- Easy, Robust, and Repeatable Online Acid Cleavage of Proteins in Mobile Phase for Fast Quantitative LC-MS Bottom-Up Protein Analysis─Application for Ricin Detection.Analytical chemistry · 2023Article
2 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Accidental and intended Ricinus communis intoxications in humans and animals have been known for centuries but the causative agent remained elusive until 1888 when Stillmark attributed the toxicity to the lectin ricin. Ricinus communis is grown worldwide on an industrial scale for the production of castor oil. As by-product in castor oil production ricin is mass produced above 1 million tons per year. On the basis of its availability, toxicity, ease of preparation and the current lack of medical countermeasures, ricin has gained attention as potential biological warfare agent. The seeds also contain the less toxic, but highly homologous Ricinus communis agglutinin and the alkaloid ricinine, and especially the latter can be used to track intoxications. After oil extraction and detoxification, the defatted press cake is used as organic fertilizer and as low-value feed. In this context there have been sporadic reports from different countries describing animal intoxications after uptake of obviously insufficiently detoxified fertilizer. Observations in Germany over several years, however, have led us to speculate that the detoxification process is not always performed thoroughly and controlled, calling for international regulations which clearly state a ricin threshold in fertilizer. In this review we summarize knowledge on intended and unintended poisoning with ricin or castor seeds both in humans and animals, with a particular emphasis on intoxications due to improperly detoxified castor bean meal and forensic analysis.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.