Evidence map›Paper›PMID 22067440›Full record

ReviewProgress in neurobiology2012

Neurometabolic mechanisms for memory enhancement and neuroprotection of methylene blue.

Julio C Rojas, Aleksandra K Bruchey, F Gonzalez-Lima

Registry-linked trialOpen access · greenAbstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Progress in neurobiology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02380573 (Cognitive and Functional Connectivity Effects of Methylene Blue in Healthy Aging, Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease), which is not on this map. Cited by 87 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
87citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
4.0field-weighted citation impact, top 6% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT02380573 phase2completednot on this mapstarted 2015, after this paper: background citation

Cognitive and Functional Connectivity Effects of Methylene Blue in Healthy Aging, Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease

TypeinterventionalSponsorThe University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioRan2015 to 2023Enrolled117ConditionsMild Cognitive Impairment, MCI, Aging, Alzheimer's DiseaseArmsMethylene Blue, FD&C Blue # 2, Phenazopyridine hydrochloride
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

87 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 170 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Trial
  3. Trial
  4. Trial
  5. Trial
  6. Trial
  7. Review
  8. Review
  9. Article
  10. Review
  11. Review
  12. Article
  13. Review
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. The effects of acute Methylene Blue administration on cerebral blood flow and metabolism in humans and rats.Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · 2023
    Article
  17. Review
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article

27 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Julio C RojasDepartments of Psychology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A8000, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
Aleksandra K Bruchey
F Gonzalez-Lima
The University of Texas at Austin · US

Funding

Texas Consortium Program in Behavioral NeuroscienceT32MH065728 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AUSTIN · PI GONZALEZ-LIMA, FRANCISCO · 2002 to 2009
$4.9M
Brain Mechanisms Underlying the Congenital Predisposition to HelplessnessR01MH076847 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN · PI GONZALEZ-LIMA, FRANCISCO · 2007 to 2010
$1.1M
NIMH NIH HHS MH076847NIMH NIH HHS MH65728NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH076847NIMH NIH HHS T32 MH065728
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This paper provides the first review of the memory-enhancing and neuroprotective metabolic mechanisms of action of methylene blue in vivo. These mechanisms have important implications as a new neurobiological approach to improve normal memory and to treat memory impairment and neurodegeneration associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Methylene blue's action is unique because its neurobiological effects are not determined by regular drug-receptor interactions or drug-response paradigms. Methylene blue shows a hormetic dose-response, with opposite effects at low and high doses. At low doses, methylene blue is an electron cycler in the mitochondrial electron transport chain, with unparalleled antioxidant and cell respiration-enhancing properties that affect the function of the nervous system in a versatile manner. A major role of the respiratory enzyme cytochrome oxidase on the memory-enhancing effects of methylene blue is supported by available data. The memory-enhancing effects have been associated with improvement of memory consolidation in a network-specific and use-dependent fashion. In addition, low doses of methylene blue have also been used for neuroprotection against mitochondrial dysfunction in humans and experimental models of disease. The unique auto-oxidizing property of methylene blue and its pleiotropic effects on a number of tissue oxidases explain its potent neuroprotective effects at low doses. The evidence reviewed supports a mechanistic role of low-dose methylene blue as a promising and safe intervention for improving memory and for the treatment of acute and chronic conditions characterized by increased oxidative stress, neurodegeneration and memory impairment.

Indexed as

AnimalsAntioxidantsBrainDose-Response Relationship, DrugHumansMemoryMethylene BlueMolecular StructureNeuroprotective AgentsNootropic AgentsOxidation-ReductionOxidative StressAntioxidantsMethylene BlueNeuroprotective AgentsNootropic Agents

Identifiers

PMID22067440
PMCPMC3265679
OpenAlexW2060786853

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.