ArticlePediatrics2011
Critically ill children during the 2009-2010 influenza pandemic in the United States.
Article in Pediatrics, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02325102 (Potential Clinical and Biological Effects of Viral and Bacterial Co-infections in Otherwise Healthy Children in Pediatric Department), which is not on this map. Cited by 123 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Potential Clinical and Biological Effects of Viral and Bacterial Co-infections in Otherwise Healthy Children in Pediatric Department
Who cites it
123 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The frequency of influenza and bacterial coinfection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2016Pooled it
- JAID/JSC Guidelines for the Treatment of Respiratory Infectious Diseases: The Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases/Japanese Society of Chemotherapy - The JAID/JSC Guide to Clinical Management of Infectious Disease/Guideline-preparing Committee Respiratory Infectious Disease WG.Journal of infection and chemotherapy : official journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy · 2016Guideline
- Pooled it
- Evaluation of Mannose Binding Lectin Gene Variants in Pediatric Influenza Virus-Related Critical Illness.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Trial
- The administration of intranasal live attenuated influenza vaccine induces changes in the nasal microbiota and nasal epithelium gene expression profiles.Microbiome · 2015Trial
- Epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance analysis of staphylococcus aureus isolated from women, children and neonates in a maternal and child specialty hospital in Southeast China.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- A novel two-hit murine model of viral-primed sepsis-associated acute kidney injury.American journal of physiology. Renal physiology · 2026Article
- Viral respiratory infections in the pediatric intensive care unit: a comparative study of clinical outcomes in Syrian refugees and Turkish children.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Clinical practice guidelines for the treatment and prophylaxis of influenza in China (2025 edition).Infectious diseases & immunity · 2026Article
- Pathogenesis of MRSA-influenza co-infection: implications for ECMO therapeutic strategies - a mini-review.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Antibiotic overuse in a contemporary cohort of children hospitalized with influenza, RSV, or SARS-CoV-2: a retrospective cohort study.BMC pediatrics · 2025Article
- Secondary bacterial infections of Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in patients with COVID-19 admitted to Chinese ICUs.BMC microbiology · 2025Article
- Therapeutic JAK inhibition does not impact lung injury during viral or bacterial pneumonia in male mice.Physiological reports · 2025Article
- Mathematical Modeling of the Lethal Synergism of Coinfecting Pathogens in Respiratory Viral Infections: A Review.Microorganisms · 2023Review
- Detection of influenza virus andmSphere · 2023Article
- Association of Asthma With Treatments and Outcomes in Children With Critical Influenza.The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice · 2023Observational
- Detection of Influenza virus andbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Novel Requirement for Staphylococcal Cell Wall-Anchored Protein SasD in Pulmonary Infection.Microbiology spectrum · 2022Article
- Host Respiratory Transcriptome Signature Associated with Poor Outcome in Children with Influenza-Staphylococcus aureus Pneumonia.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Comparative incidence of early and late bloodstream and respiratory tract co-infection in patients admitted to ICU with COVID-19 pneumonia versus Influenza A or B pneumonia versus no viral pneumonia: wales multicentre ICU cohort study.Critical care (London, England) · 2022Observational
63 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
21 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) (pH1N1) virus continues to circulate worldwide. Determining the roles of chronic conditions and bacterial coinfection in mortality is difficult because of the limited data for children with pH1N1-related critical illness.
methodsWe identified children (<21 years old) with confirmed or probable pH1N1 admitted to 35 US PICUs from April 15, 2009, through April 15, 2010. We collected data on demographics, baseline health, laboratory results, treatments, and outcomes.
resultsOf 838 children with pH1N1 admitted to a PICU, the median age was 6 years, 58% were male, 70% had ≥1 chronic health condition, and 88.2% received oseltamivir (5.8% started before PICU admission). Most patients had respiratory failure with 564 (67.3%) receiving mechanical ventilation; 162 (19.3%) received vasopressors, and 75 (8.9%) died. Overall, 71 (8.5%) of the patients had a presumed diagnosis of early (within 72 hours after PICU admission) Staphylococcus aureus coinfection of the lung with 48% methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA). In multivariable analyses, preexisting neurologic conditions or immunosuppression, encephalitis (1.7% of cases), myocarditis (1.4% of cases), early presumed MRSA lung coinfection, and female gender were mortality risk factors. Among 251 previously healthy children, only early presumed MRSA coinfection of the lung (relative risk: 8 [95% confidence interval: 3.1-20.6]; P < .0001) remained a mortality risk factor.
conclusionsChildren with preexisting neurologic conditions and immune compromise were at increased risk of pH1N1-associated death after PICU admission. Secondary complications of pH1N1, including myocarditis, encephalitis, and clinical diagnosis of early presumed MRSA coinfection of the lung, were mortality risk factors.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.