ArticleEnvironmental health perspectives2012
Reduction in cadmium exposure in the United States population, 1988-2008: the contribution of declining smoking rates.
Article in Environmental health perspectives, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 76 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
76 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 149 citations in OpenAlex.
- Assessment of arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances concentrations in human milk and infant formula in the United States: a systematic review.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Cadmium exposure and clinical cardiovascular disease: a systematic review.Current atherosclerosis reports · 2013Pooled it
- Exposure to Cadmium and Cerebrovascular Mortality in the United States.Hygiene and environmental health advances · 2025Article
- Evidence of Organ-Specific Metal Accumulation: ICP-MS Elemental Analysis of Autopsy Tissues of Tobacco Smokers.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Essential and Non-Essential Metals and Metalloids and Their Role in Atherosclerosis.Cardiovascular toxicology · 2025Review
- Genome-wide association study of urinary cadmium levels in current smokers from the multiethnic cohort study.Human molecular genetics · 2025Article
- Association of Urinary Metals With Cardiovascular Disease Incidence and All-Cause Mortality in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).Circulation · 2024Article
- Associations of five blood heavy metals with hepatitis B virus infection and immunity in adults: a cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Analysis of the relationship between sleep-related disorders and cadmium in the US population.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Relationship between blood cadmium levels and bone mineral density in adults: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Article
- Association of heavy metals exposure with lower blood pressure in the population aged 8-17 years: a cross-sectional study based on NHANES.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- The Relationship between Cadmium Exposure and Mortality in Postmenopausal Females: A Cohort Study of 2001-2018 NHANES.Nutrients · 2023Article
- A State-of-the-Science Review on Metal Biomarkers.Current environmental health reports · 2023Review
- Estimation of health risks associated with dietary cadmium exposure.Archives of toxicology · 2023Review
- The NOAEL Equivalent of Environmental Cadmium Exposure Associated with GFR Reduction and Chronic Kidney Disease.Toxics · 2022Article
- Association between serum folate levels and blood concentrations of cadmium and lead in US adults.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2022Article
- Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Urinary Cadmium in Women from Northern Mexico.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Plant food intake is associated with lower cadmium body burden in middle-aged adults.European journal of nutrition · 2021Article
- Lead and Cadmium as Cardiovascular Risk Factors: The Burden of Proof Has Been Met.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2021Article
- Genetic variation and urine cadmium levels: ABCC1 effects in the Strong Heart Family Study.Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) · 2021Article
16 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPublic health policies such as tobacco control, air pollution reduction, and hazardous waste remediation may have reduced cadmium exposure among U.S. adults. However, trends in urine cadmium, a marker of cumulative cadmium exposure, have not been evaluated.
objectivesWe estimated the trends in urine cadmium concentrations in U.S. adults using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) from 1988 to 2008. We also evaluated the impact of changes in the distribution of available cadmium determinants (age, sex, race, education, body mass index, smoking, and occupation) at the population level to explain cadmium trends.
methodsThe study population included 19,759 adults ≥ 20 years of age with measures of urine cadmium and cadmium determinants.
resultsAge-adjusted geometric means of urine cadmium concentrations were 0.36, 0.35, 0.27, 0.27, 0.28, 0.25, and 0.26 µg/g creatinine in 1988-1991, 1991-1994, 1999-2000, 2001-2002, 2003-2004, 2005-2006, and 2007-2008, respectively. The age, sex, and race/ethnicity-adjusted percent reduction in urine cadmium geometric means comparing 1999-2002 and 2003-2008 with 1988-1994 were 27.8% (95% confidence interval: 22.3%, 32.9%) and 34.3% (29.9%, 38.4%), respectively (p-trend < 0.001), with reductions in all participant subgroups investigated. In never smokers, reductions in serum cotinine accounted for 15.6% of the observed reduction. In ever smokers, changes in smoking cessation, and cumulative and recent dose accounted for 17.1% of the observed reduction.
conclusionsUrine cadmium concentrations decreased markedly between 1988 and 2008. Declining smoking rates and changes in exposure to tobacco smoke may have played an important role in the decline of urine cadmium concentrations, benefiting both smokers and nonsmokers. Cadmium has been associated to several health outcomes in NHANES 1999-2008. Consequently, despite the observed decline, further reduction in cadmium exposure is needed.
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