Trial reportAmerican journal of obstetrics and gynecology2012
Naproxen or estradiol for bleeding and spotting with the levonorgestrel intrauterine system: a randomized controlled trial.
Trial report in American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01986439 (The Contraceptive Choice Project), which is not on this map. Cited by 10 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Contraceptive Choice Project
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine-device use.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Treatment of vaginal bleeding irregularities induced by progestin only contraceptives.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2013Pooled it
- Tamoxifen for the prevention of unscheduled bleeding in new users of the levonorgestrel 52-mg intrauterine system: a randomized controlled trial.Contraception · 2019Trial
- A randomized controlled trial of daily text messages versus monthly paper diaries to collect bleeding data after intrauterine device insertion.Contraception · 2015Trial
- Hysteroscopic suture fixation for levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system in adenomyosis feasibility and therapeutic outcomes.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Understanding Problematic Bleeding When Using Contraception: Guidance for Clinicians.Open access journal of contraception · 2025Review
- Hormonal Profiles of Menstrual Bleeding Patterns During the Luteal-Follicular Transition.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2020Article
- Bridging progestogens in pregnancy and pregnancy prevention.Endocrine connections · 2015Review
- Characteristics associated with discontinuation of long-acting reversible contraception within the first 6 months of use.Obstetrics and gynecology · 2013Article
- Iatrogenic unscheduled (breakthrough) endometrial bleeding.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2012Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThe purpose of this study was to evaluate whether oral naproxen or transdermal estradiol decreases bleeding and spotting in women who are initiating the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system. STUDY
designWe conducted a randomized controlled trial of naproxen, estradiol, or placebo that was administered over the first 12 weeks of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system use. Participants completed a written bleeding diary. We imputed missing values and performed an intention-to-treat analysis.
resultsThere were 129 women who were assigned randomly to naproxen (n = 42 women), estradiol (n = 44 women), or placebo (n = 43 women). The naproxen group was more likely to be in the lowest quartile of bleeding and spotting days compared with placebo (42.9% vs 16.3%; P = .03). In the multivariable analysis, the naproxen group had a 10% reduction in bleeding and spotting days (adjusted relative risk, 0.90; 95% confidence interval, 0.84-0.97) compared with placebo. More frequent bleeding and spotting was observed in the estradiol group (adjusted relative risk, 1.25; 95% confidence interval, 1.17-1.34).
conclusionThe administration of naproxen resulted in a reduction in bleeding and spotting days compared with placebo.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.