ArticleProceedings. Biological sciences2012
Neurotoxin localization to ectodermal gland cells uncovers an alternative mechanism of venom delivery in sea anemones.
Article in Proceedings. Biological sciences, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 60 papers.
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Who cites it
60 citing papers in PubMed, 118 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cnidarian Venoms in the Omics Era: Toxin Discovery and Bioactive Potential.Marine drugs · 2026Review
- Cytotoxic Effects of Cnidarian Venoms: One Cancer, Two Cell Lines.Marine biotechnology (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- Functional characterization of specialized immune cells in a cnidarian reveals an ancestral antiviral program.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Article
- Article
- The proteotranscriptomic characterization of venom in the white seafanOpen biology · 2025Article
- Proteomic Diversity of the Sea AnemoneMarine drugs · 2025Article
- A review of the venom microbiome and its utility in ecology and evolution including future directions for emerging research.Symbiosis (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2025Article
- Doublecortin-like kinase is required for cnidocyte development in Nematostella vectensis.Neural development · 2024Article
- Diversity analysis of sea anemone peptide toxins in different tissues of Heteractis crispa based on transcriptomics.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Venom trade-off shapes interspecific interactions, physiology, and reproduction.Science advances · 2024Article
- Article
- Spatial Distribution and Biochemical Characterization of Serine Peptidase Inhibitors in the Venom of the Brazilian Sea AnemoneMarine drugs · 2023Article
- Article
- Micro and macroevolution of sea anemone venom phenotype.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Review
- Never, Ever Make an Enemy… Out of an Anemone: Transcriptomic Comparison of Clownfish Hosting Sea Anemone Venoms.Marine drugs · 2022Review
- Cellular adaptations leading to coral fragment attachment on artificial substrates in Acropora millepora (Am-CAM).Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Modern venomics-Current insights, novel methods, and future perspectives in biological and applied animal venom research.GigaScience · 2022Article
- Sea anemone Bartholomea annulata venom inhibits voltage-gated NaScientific reports · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Jellyfish, hydras, corals and sea anemones (phylum Cnidaria) are known for their venomous stinging cells, nematocytes, used for prey and defence. Here we show, however, that the potent Type I neurotoxin of the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis, Nv1, is confined to ectodermal gland cells rather than nematocytes. We demonstrate massive Nv1 secretion upon encounter with a crustacean prey. Concomitant discharge of nematocysts probably pierces the prey, expediting toxin penetration. Toxin efficiency in sea water is further demonstrated by the rapid paralysis of fish or crustacean larvae upon application of recombinant Nv1 into their medium. Analysis of other anemone species reveals that in Anthopleura elegantissima, Type I neurotoxins also appear in gland cells, whereas in the common species Anemonia viridis, Type I toxins are localized to both nematocytes and ectodermal gland cells. The nematocyte-based and gland cell-based envenomation mechanisms may reflect substantial differences in the ecology and feeding habits of sea anemone species. Overall, the immunolocalization of neurotoxins to gland cells changes the common view in the literature that sea anemone neurotoxins are produced and delivered only by stinging nematocytes, and raises the possibility that this toxin-secretion mechanism is an ancestral evolutionary state of the venom delivery machinery in sea anemones.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.