ArticleMedical hypotheses2012
A common cause for a common phenotype: the gatekeeper hypothesis in fetal programming.
Article in Medical hypotheses, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed.
- Evaluation of the Hypothalamus-Hypophysis-Adrenal Axis in Male Rats Programmed by Gestational Protein Restriction.Cell biochemistry and function · 2025Article
- Early androgen activity after birth determines the hypothalamic expression of androgen and estrogen receptors in adulthood in female but not in male rats.Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E · 2025Article
- Effect of Omega 3 supplementation during pregnancy and lactation on cognitive functions in rat offspring.PloS one · 2025Article
- Article
- Fetal programming: could intrauterin life affect health status in adulthood?Obstetrics & gynecology science · 2021Article
- Maternal Overnutrition During Gestation in Sheep Alters Autophagy Associated Pathways in Offspring Heart.Frontiers in genetics · 2021Article
- Life Course Impact of Glucocorticoids During Pregnancy on Muscle Development and Function.Frontiers in animal science · 2021Article
- The nonhuman primate hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis is an orchestrator of programming-aging interactions: role of nutrition.Nutrition reviews · 2020Review
- Molecular mechanisms governing offspring metabolic programming in rodent models of in utero stress.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2020Review
- Differential Effects of Maternal High Fat Diet During Pregnancy and Lactation on Taste Preferences in Rats.Nutrients · 2020Article
- Review
- Metabolic programming in early life in humans.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2019Review
- The Impact of Preconceptional Multiple-Micronutrient Supplementation on Female Fertility.Clinical medicine insights. Women's health · 2019Review
- Cortical Thinning and Neuropsychiatric Outcomes in Children Exposed to Prenatal Adversity: A Role for Placental CRH?The American journal of psychiatry · 2018Article
- Prenatal Maternal Cortisol Has Sex-Specific Associations with Child Brain Network Properties.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2017Article
- Developmental Programming of Adult Disease: Reprogramming by Melatonin?International journal of molecular sciences · 2017Review
- Transplacental Nutrient Transport Mechanisms of Intrauterine Growth Restriction in Rodent Models and Humans.Frontiers in physiology · 2017Review
- Methylating micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy influences foetal hepatic gene expression and IGF signalling and increases foetal weight.European journal of nutrition · 2016Article
- PPARs Link Early Life Nutritional Insults to Later Programmed Hypertension and Metabolic Syndrome.International journal of molecular sciences · 2015Review
- Low-grade inflammation, diet composition and health: current research evidence and its translation.The British journal of nutrition · 2015Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Sub-optimal nutrition during pregnancy has been shown to have long-term effects on the health of offspring in both humans and animals. The most common outcomes of such programming are hypertension, obesity, dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance. This spectrum of disorders, collectively known as metabolic syndrome, appears to be the consequence of nutritional insult during early development, irrespective of the nutritional stress experienced. For example, diets low in protein diet, high in fat, or deficient in iron are all associated with programming of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders when fed during rat pregnancy. In this paper, we hypothesise that the nutritional stresses act on genes or gene pathways common to all of the insults. We have termed these genes and/or gene pathways the "gatekeepers" and hence developed the "gatekeeper hypothesis". In this paper, we examine the background to the hypothesis and postulate some possible mechanisms or pathways that may constitute programming gatekeepers.
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Registered trials
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