ArticlePloS one2011
Ectodermal influx and cell hypertrophy provide early growth for all murine mammary rudiments, and are differentially regulated among them by Gli3.
Article in PloS one, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Embryonic Mammary Gland Morphogenesis.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2025Review
- Myosin II mediates Shh signals to shape dental epithelia via control of cell adhesion and movement.PLoS genetics · 2024Article
- Mesenchyme instructs growth while epithelium directs branching in the mouse mammary gland.eLife · 2024Article
- Parallels in signaling between development and regeneration in ectodermal organs.Current topics in developmental biology · 2022Article
- Embryonic Programs in Cancer and Metastasis-Insights From the Mammary Gland.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2022Review
- Cell influx and contractile actomyosin force drive mammary bud growth and invagination.The Journal of cell biology · 2021Article
- Sox11 regulates mammary tumour-initiating and metastatic capacity in Brca1-deficient mouse mammary tumour cells.Disease models & mechanisms · 2021Article
- The Cellular Organization of the Mammary Gland: Insights From Microscopy.Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia · 2021Review
- Fgf10/Fgfr2b Signaling in Mammary Gland Development, Homeostasis, and Cancer.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2020Review
- Hair follicle dermal condensation forms via Fgf20 primed cell cycle exit, cell motility, and aggregation.eLife · 2018Article
- Clonal analysis of Notch1-expressing cells reveals the existence of unipotent stem cells that retain long-term plasticity in the embryonic mammary gland.Nature cell biology · 2018Article
- Article
- Early epithelial signaling center governs tooth budding morphogenesis.The Journal of cell biology · 2016Article
- Hoxc8 initiates an ectopic mammary program by regulating Fgf10 and Tbx3 expression and Wnt/β-catenin signaling.Development (Cambridge, England) · 2015Article
- Ectodysplasin/NF-κB Promotes Mammary Cell Fate via Wnt/β-catenin Pathway.PLoS genetics · 2015Article
- Embryonic cells contribute directly to the quiescent stem cell population in the adult mouse mammary gland.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2014Article
- High-resolution association mapping of number of teats in pigs reveals regions controlling vertebral development.BMC genomics · 2014Article
- Wnt-signalling in the embryonic mammary gland.Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia · 2013Review
- Hedgehog and Gli signaling in embryonic mammary gland development.Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia · 2013Review
- Positional variations in mammary gland development and cancer.Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia · 2013Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Mammary gland development starts in utero with one or several pairs of mammary rudiments (MRs) budding from the surface ectodermal component of the mammalian embryonic skin. Mice develop five pairs, numbered MR1 to MR5 from pectoral to inguinal position. We have previously shown that Gli3(Xt-J/Xt-J) mutant embryos, which lack the transcription factor Gli3, do not form MR3 and MR5. We show here that two days after the MRs emerge, Gli3(Xt-J/Xt-J) MR1 is 20% smaller, and Gli3(Xt-J/Xt-J) MR2 and MR4 are 50% smaller than their wild type (wt) counterparts. Moreover, while wt MRs sink into the underlying dermis, Gli3(Xt-J/Xt-J) MR4 and MR2 protrude outwardly, to different extents. To understand why each of these five pairs of functionally identical organs has its own, distinct response to the absence of Gli3, we determined which cellular mechanisms regulate growth of the individual MRs, and whether and how Gli3 regulates these mechanisms. We found a 5.5 to 10.7-fold lower cell proliferation rate in wt MRs compared to their adjacent surface ectoderm, indicating that MRs do not emerge or grow via locally enhanced cell proliferation. Cell-tracing experiments showed that surface ectodermal cells are recruited toward the positions where MRs emerge, and contribute to MR growth during at least two days. During the second day of MR development, peripheral cells within the MRs undergo hypertrophy, which also contributes to MR growth. Limited apoptotic cell death counterbalances MR growth. The relative contribution of each of these processes varies among the five MRs. Furthermore, each of these processes is impaired in the absence of Gli3, but to different extents in each MR. This differential involvement of Gli3 explains the variation in phenotype among Gli3(Xt-J/Xt-J) MRs, and may help to understand the variation in numbers and positions of mammary glands among mammals.
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