ReviewImmunology2012
Do multiple concurrent infections in African children cause irreversible immunological damage?
Review in Immunology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Burden, risk factors and maternal and offspring outcomes of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA): a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2019Pooled it
- HIV-Related Arterial Stiffness in Malawian Adults Is Associated With the Proportion of PD-1-Expressing CD8+ T Cells and Reverses With Antiretroviral Therapy.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2019Trial
- Maternal valacyclovir and infant cytomegalovirus acquisition: a randomized controlled trial among HIV-infected women.PloS one · 2014Trial
- Exploring the impact of nutrition and autophagy on infectious diseases to inform the development of homeostatic-nanomedicines for HIV-TB coinfections.Discover nano · 2026Review
- Differences in growth trajectories in breastfed HIV-exposed uninfected and HIV-unexposed infants in Kenya: An observational cohort study.PLoS medicine · 2025Observational
- Poorer Longitudinal Growth Among HIV Exposed Compared With Unexposed Infants in Kenya.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2025Article
- Association between Epstein-Barr virus reactivation and severe malaria in pregnant women living in a malaria-endemic region of Cameroon.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- Exploring the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of Healthy Pregnant Women Towards Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Nigeria.Qualitative health research · 2023Article
- Networks, cultures, and institutions: Toward a social immunology.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2021Article
- Inflammatory pathways amongst people living with HIV in Malawi differ according to socioeconomic status.PloS one · 2021Article
- Inflammatory Phenotypes Predict Changes in Arterial Stiffness Following Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2020Article
- Child Salivary SIgA and Its Relationship to Enteric Infections and EED Biomarkers in Maputo, Mozambique.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- E-Selectin and markers of HIV disease severity, inflammation and coagulation in HIV-infected treatment-naïve individuals.African health sciences · 2018Article
- Respiratory Virus-Associated Severe Acute Respiratory Illness and Viral Clustering in Malawian Children in a Setting With a High Prevalence of HIV Infection, Malaria, and Malnutrition.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2016Article
- Leishmaniasis, malaria, and schistosomiasis concurrently in an 8-year-old boy.Saudi medical journal · 2015Article
- Quadruple burden of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, chronic intestinal parasitoses, and multiple micronutrient deficiency in ethiopia: a summary of available findings.BioMed research international · 2015Review
- Campylobacter infection in a cohort of rural children in Moramanga, Madagascar.BMC infectious diseases · 2014Article
- Piliation of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in the era before pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduction in Malawi.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Much of the developing world, particularly sub-Saharan Africa, has high levels of morbidity and mortality associated with infectious diseases. The greatest risk of invasive disease is in the young, the malnourished and HIV-infected individuals. In many regions in Africa these vulnerable groups and the wider general population are under constant immune pressure from a range of environmental factors, under-nutrition and multiple concurrent infections from birth through to adulthood. Intermittent microbial exposure during childhood is required for the generation of naturally acquired immunity capable of protection against a range of infectious diseases in adult life. However, in the context of a resource-poor setting, the heavy burden of malarial, diarrhoeal and respiratory infections in childhood may subvert or suppress immune responses rather than protect, resulting in sub-optimal immunity. This review will explore how poor maternal health, HIV exposure, socio-economic and seasonal factors conspire to weaken childhood immune defences to disease and discuss the hypothesis that recurrent infections may drive immune dysregulation, leading to relative immune senescence and premature immunological aging.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.