ArticlePloS one2011
Gut microbiome metagenomics analysis suggests a functional model for the development of autoimmunity for type 1 diabetes.
Article in PloS one, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03032354 (Effect of Lactobacillus Rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium Lactis BB 12 on Beta-cell Function in Children With Newly Diagnosed Type 1 Diabetes - a Randomized Controlled Trial), which is not on this map. Cited by 430 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effect of Lactobacillus Rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium Lactis BB 12 on Beta-cell Function in Children With Newly Diagnosed Type 1 Diabetes - a Randomized Controlled Trial
Who cites it
430 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 775 citations in OpenAlex.
- Are Bifidobacterium Species Key Players in the Progression of Type 1 Diabetes? A Systematic Review.Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism · 2025Pooled it
- Exploring the role of gut microbiota in autoimmune thyroid disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Pooled it
- Gut microbiome and blood glucose control in type 1 diabetes: a systematic review.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Pooled it
- Microbiota Alterations in Patients with Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Pooled it
- Fecal microbiota transplantation treatment of autoimmune-mediated type 1 diabetes: A systematic review.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Pooled it
- Causal Relationship Between Gut Microbiota and Autoimmune Diseases: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Pooled it
- Associations of Dietary Intake with the Intestinal Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acids Among Young Adults with Type 1 Diabetes and Overweight or Obesity.The Journal of nutrition · 2023Trial
- Characterization of the Human Oropharyngeal Microbiomes in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Recovery Patients.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2021Trial
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- Trial
- Oral butyrate does not affect innate immunity and islet autoimmunity in individuals with longstanding type 1 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial.Diabetologia · 2020Trial
- Recent advances and clinical relevance of microbiome dynamics in health and disease.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Differential analysis of gut microbiota and metabolites in patients with Graves' disease and combined Helicobacter pylori infection.BMC endocrine disorders · 2026Article
- The Role of Microbiota in Type 1 Diabetes: Insights into Dysbiosis and Immune Interactions.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Gut Microbiota and Autoimmune Diseases: The Therapeutic Potential of Probiotics.Current microbiology · 2026Review
- Recent advances in the positive role ofFrontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Nutrition and the gut microbiome: a symbiotic dialogue influencing health and disease.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- From dysbiosis to dysfunction: specific gut microbes and metabolites in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.Sustainable microbiology · 2026Review
- Unveiling the gut connection: Exploring the link between microbiota and type 1 diabetes onset in pediatric patients.Biomedical reports · 2026Article
- From Womb to World: Unravelling the Microbiota's Impact on Health and Disease.International journal of microbiology · 2026Review
370 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
19 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested a bacterial role in the development of autoimmune disorders including type 1 diabetes (T1D). Over 30 billion nucleotide bases of Illumina shotgun metagenomic data were analyzed from stool samples collected from four pairs of matched T1D case-control subjects collected at the time of the development of T1D associated autoimmunity (i.e., autoantibodies). From these, approximately one million open reading frames were predicted and compared to the SEED protein database. Of the 3,849 functions identified in these samples, 144 and 797 were statistically more prevalent in cases and controls, respectively. Genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, adhesions, motility, phages, prophages, sulfur metabolism, and stress responses were more abundant in cases while genes with roles in DNA and protein metabolism, aerobic respiration, and amino acid synthesis were more common in controls. These data suggest that increased adhesion and flagella synthesis in autoimmune subjects may be involved in triggering a T1D associated autoimmune response. Extensive differences in metabolic potential indicate that autoimmune subjects have a functionally aberrant microbiome. Mining 16S rRNA data from these datasets showed a higher proportion of butyrate-producing and mucin-degrading bacteria in controls compared to cases, while those bacteria that produce short chain fatty acids other than butyrate were higher in cases. Thus, a key rate-limiting step in butyrate synthesis is more abundant in controls. These data suggest that a consortium of lactate- and butyrate-producing bacteria in a healthy gut induce a sufficient amount of mucin synthesis to maintain gut integrity. In contrast, non-butyrate-producing lactate-utilizing bacteria prevent optimal mucin synthesis, as identified in autoimmune subjects.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.