ArticleJournal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)2011
Quantifying antigen-specific CD4 T cells during a viral infection: CD4 T cell responses are larger than we think.
Article in Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 95 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
95 citing papers in PubMed.
- CD11a and CD49d enhance the detection of antigen-specific T cells following human vaccination.Vaccine · 2017Trial
- Immune Signatures Following Single Dose Trastuzumab Predict Pathologic Response to PreoperativeTrastuzumab and Chemotherapy in HER2-Positive Early Breast Cancer.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2016Trial
- Memory regulatory T cells reprogram into protective TNature immunology · 2026Article
- Conditional T and NK cell antagonism by a giant and highly conserved orthopoxvirus virulence factor.Research square · 2026Article
- Chimeric PRR T-cell-engager targeting cell surface β-1,3-glucan for invasive candidiasis.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- TLR Agonist Nano Immune Therapy Clears Peritoneal and Systemic Ovarian Cancer.Advanced healthcare materials · 2025Article
- Essential role of interferon-regulatory factor 4 in regulating diabetogenic CD4+ T and innate immune cells in autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2025Article
- Regional immune mechanisms enhance efficacy of an autologous cellular cancer vaccine with intraperitoneal administration.Oncoimmunology · 2024Article
- Lymph node-targeted STING agonist nanovaccine against chronic HBV infection.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2024Article
- Polyanhydride nanovaccine against H3N2 influenza A virus generates mucosal resident and systemic immunity promoting protection.NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
- Defining Parameters That Modulate Susceptibility and Protection to Respiratory Murine Coronavirus MHV1 Infection.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2024Article
- OMIP-099: 31-color spectral flow cytometry panel to investigate the steady-state phenotype of human T cells.Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology · 2024Article
- γδ T cell-mediated activation of cDC1 orchestrates CD4Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Late-rising CD4 T cells resolve mouse cytomegalovirus persistent replication in the salivary gland.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- CD115Cell reports · 2023Article
- Loss of CD4Immunity · 2023Article
- Coxsackievirus B3 elicits a sex-specific CD8+ T cell response which protects female mice.PLoS pathogens · 2023Article
- Anti-HVEM mAb therapy improves antitumoral immunity both in vitro and in vivo, in a novel transgenic mouse model expressing human HVEM and BTLA molecules challenged with HVEM expressing tumors.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2023Article
- Effects of Low-Level Persistent Infection on Maintenance of Immunity by CD4 T Cell Subsets and Th1 Cytokines.Infection and immunity · 2023Article
- A Lower Dose of Infection Generates a Better Long-Term Immune Response against Toxoplasma gondii.ImmunoHorizons · 2023Article
35 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The number of virus-specific CD8 T cells increases substantially during an acute infection. Up to 90% of CD8 T cells are virus specific following lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection. In contrast, studies identifying virus-specific CD4 T cell epitopes have indicated that CD4 T cells often recognize a broader array of Ags than CD8 T cells, consequently making it difficult to accurately quantify the total magnitude of pathogen-specific CD4 T cell responses. In this study, we show that CD4 T cells become CD11a(hi)CD49d(+) after LCMV infection and retain this expression pattern into memory. During the effector phase, all the LCMV-specific IFN-γ(+) CD4 T cells display a CD11a(hi)CD49d(+) cell surface expression phenotype. In addition, only memory CD11a(hi)CD49d(+) CD4 T cells make IFN-γ after stimulation. Furthermore, upon secondary LCMV challenge, only CD11a(hi)CD49d(+) memory CD4 T cells from LCMV-immune mice undergo proliferative expansion, demonstrating that CD11a(hi)CD49d(+) CD4 T cells are truly Ag specific. Using the combination of CD11a and CD49d, we demonstrate that up to 50% of the CD4 T cells are virus specific during the peak of the LCMV response. Our results indicate that the magnitude of the virus-specific CD4 T cell response is much greater than previously recognized.
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