ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2011
A novel bisretinoid of retina is an adduct on glycerophosphoethanolamine.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers.
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Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Quantitative fundus autofluorescence in healthy eyes.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2013Trial
- Visual cycle-derived bisretinoids as endogenous natural products: enzyme-free formation, photochemical reactivity, and retinal degeneration.Natural product reports · 2026Review
- Disease mechanisms revealed in the P23H opsin knock-in mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa.PNAS nexus · 2026Article
- Bisretinoid lipofuscin, fundus autofluorescence and retinal disease.Progress in retinal and eye research · 2025Review
- Iron overload and chelation modulates bisretinoid levels in the retina.Frontiers in ophthalmology · 2023Article
- Vitamin A aldehyde-taurine adducts function in photoreceptor cells.Redox biology · 2022Article
- Long-term vitamin A supplementation in a preclinical mouse model for RhoD190N-associated retinitis pigmentosa.Human molecular genetics · 2022Article
- Retinal Pigment Epithelium in Human Donor Eyes Contains Higher Levels of Bisretinoids Including A2E in Periphery than Macula.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2022Article
- A five-year follow-up ofMolecular vision · 2022Article
- Bisretinoids of the Retina: Photo-Oxidation, Iron-Catalyzed Oxidation, and Disease Consequences.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Fundus autofluorescence imaging.Progress in retinal and eye research · 2021Review
- Clinical spectrum, genetic complexity and therapeutic approaches for retinal disease caused by ABCA4 mutations.Progress in retinal and eye research · 2020Review
- Complement activation, lipid metabolism, and mitochondrial injury: Converging pathways in age-related macular degeneration.Redox biology · 2020Review
- Effects of deficiency in theThe Journal of biological chemistry · 2020Article
- Lessons learned from quantitative fundus autofluorescence.Progress in retinal and eye research · 2020Review
- Photoreceptor cells as a source of fundus autofluorescence in recessive Stargardt disease.Journal of neuroscience research · 2019Article
- Bisretinoids mediate light sensitivity resulting in photoreceptor cell degeneration in mice lacking the receptor tyrosine kinase Mer.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2018Article
- Deep Scleral Exposure: A Degenerative Outcome of End-Stage Stargardt Disease.American journal of ophthalmology · 2018Article
- Spectral analysis of fundus autofluorescence pattern as a tool to detect early stages of degeneration in the retina and retinal pigment epithelium.Eye (London, England) · 2018Article
- Novel bisretinoids of human retina are lyso alkyl ether glycerophosphoethanolamine-bearing A2PE species.Journal of lipid research · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
purposeFluorescent bisretinoid compounds accumulate in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells as a consequence of two processes: random reactions of vitamin A aldehyde in photoreceptor cell outer segments, and phagocytosis of discarded photoreceptor outer segment discs by RPE. The formation of bisretinoid is accentuated in some forms of retinal degeneration. The detection of a novel bisretinoid fluorophore that is a conjugate of all-trans-retinal and glycerophosphoethanolamine is reported.
methodsHuman RPE/choroid, eyes harvested from Abca4 (ATP-binding cassette transporter 4) null mutant mice, and biosynthetic reaction mixtures were analyzed by ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and by nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and spectrofluorometry.
resultsA fluorescent compound in mouse eyes and in human RPE/choroid corresponded to the product of the reaction between all-trans-retinal and glycerophosphoethanolamine (A2-GPE), as determined on the basis of molecular weight (m/z 746), absorbance (approximately 338,443 nm), and retention time. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were consistent with a pyridinium molecule with a glycerophosphate moiety. The emission maximum of A2-GPE was approximately 610 nm. A2-GPE accumulated with age in mouse eyes and was more abundant in Abca4(-/-) mice, a model of recessive Stargardt disease.
conclusionsTo date, several bisretinoids of RPE lipofuscin have been isolated and characterized, and for all of these, formation involves the membrane phospholipid phosphatidylethanolamine. Conversely, the bisretinoid A2-GPE is detected as sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (GPE) derivatized by two all-trans-retinal. The pathways by which A2-GPE may form under conditions of increased availability of all-trans-retinal, for instance in the Abca4(-/-) mouse, are discussed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.