ArticleInfection and immunity2012
Innate immune responses and modified extracellular matrix regulation characterize bacterial infection and cellular/connective tissue changes in scarring trachoma.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Blinding Trachoma: Systematic Review of Rates and Risk Factors for Progressive Disease.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2016Pooled it
- Insights into Pathogenesis of Trachoma.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Review
- Trachoma.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2022Review
- Immunopathogenesis of Progressive Scarring Trachoma: Results of a 4-Year Longitudinal Study in Tanzanian Children.Infection and immunity · 2020Article
- Ocular immune responses, Chlamydia trachomatis infection and clinical signs of trachoma before and after azithromycin mass drug administration in a treatment naïve trachoma-endemic Tanzanian community.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2019Article
- Article
- Conjunctival Microbiome-Host Responses Are Associated With Impaired Epithelial Cell Health in Both Early and Late Stages of Trachoma.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2019Article
- A complex interplay between the extracellular matrix and the innate immune response to microbial pathogens.Immunology · 2018Review
- Non-Chlamydial Bacterial Infection and Progression of Conjunctival Scarring in Trachoma.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2018Article
- Setting Sights on Chlamydia Immunity's Central Paradigm: Can We Hit a Moving Target?Infection and immunity · 2017Article
- Immunofibrogenic Gene Expression Patterns in Tanzanian Children with OcularFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2017Article
- Increased Epithelial Expression of CTGF and S100A7 with Elevated Subepithelial Expression of IL-1β in Trachomatous Trichiasis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2016Article
- Pathogenesis of progressive scarring trachoma in Ethiopia and Tanzania and its implications for disease control: two cohort studies.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2015Article
- Trachoma and Ocular Chlamydial Infection in the Era of Genomics.Mediators of inflammation · 2015Review
- Review
- Conjunctival scarring in trachoma is associated with the HLA-C ligand of KIR and is exacerbated by heterozygosity at KIR2DL2/KIR2DL3.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2014Article
- In vivo confocal microscopy and histopathology of the conjunctiva in trachomatous scarring and normal tissue: a systematic comparison.The British journal of ophthalmology · 2013Article
- Trachoma: protective and pathogenic ocular immune responses to Chlamydia trachomatis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2013Review
- Trachoma: an update on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.Current opinion in ophthalmology · 2012Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Trachoma is the most common infectious cause of blindness and a major public health problem in many developing countries. It is caused by recurrent ocular infection with Chlamydia trachomatis in childhood, with conjunctival scarring seen later in life. The pathogenesis of trachomatous scarring, however, is poorly understood, and this study was carried out to investigate the immunofibrogenic correlates of trachomatous conjunctival scarring. A case-control study of 363 cases with conjunctival scarring and 363 control participants was conducted. Investigations included in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) assessment, quantitative real-time PCR gene expression, C. trachomatis detection, and nonchlamydial bacterial culture. Trachomatous scarring was found to be strongly associated with a proinflammatory, innate immune response with increased expression of psoriasin, interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor alpha, defensin-β4A, chemokine ligand 5, and serum amyloid A1. There was also differential expression of various modifiers of the extracellular matrix, including metalloproteinases 7, 9, 10, and 12, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 1, and secreted protein acidic cystein-rich-like 1. The expression of many of these genes was also significantly associated with the presence of nonchlamydial bacterial infection. These infections had a marked effect on conjunctival immune processes, including an increased inflammatory infiltrate and edema seen with IVCM. This study supports the possibility that the immunofibrogenic response in scarring trachoma is partly stimulated by nonchlamydial bacterial infection, which is characterized by the expression of innate factors.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.