ReviewBritish journal of pharmacology2012
Pharmacological modulation of GITRL/GITR system: therapeutic perspectives.
Review in British journal of pharmacology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 84 citations in OpenAlex.
- Molecular Architecture and Clinical Landscape of Immune Checkpoint Receptors and Ligands.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Glucocorticoid-Induced Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Ligand: Correlation and Therapeutic Potential for Cognitive Impairment in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy.Clinical and translational science · 2026Article
- Barking up the right tree: Immune checkpoint signatures of human and dog cancers.PLoS computational biology · 2025Article
- Emerging IO checkpoints in gastrointestinal oncology.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Quantitative systems pharmacology model of GITR-mediated T cell dynamics in tumor microenvironment.CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology · 2023Article
- Model-informed drug development for immuno-oncology agonistic anti-GITR antibody GWN323: Dose selection based on MABEL and biologically active dose.Clinical and translational science · 2022Article
- Multiple mechanisms for TRAF3-mediated regulation of the T cell costimulatory receptor GITR.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2021Article
- Immune-related genes and gene sets for predicting the response to anti-programmed death 1 therapy in patients with primary or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.Oncology letters · 2021Article
- B Cells in Atherosclerosis: Mechanisms and Potential Clinical Applications.JACC. Basic to translational science · 2021Review
- GITRL on dendritic cells aggravates house dust mite-induced airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness by modulating CD4Respiratory research · 2021Article
- Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells: Protectors in Type 2 Diabetes.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Glucocorticoid-induced tumour necrosis factor receptor family-related protein (GITR) drives atherosclerosis in mice and is associated with an unstable plaque phenotype and cerebrovascular events in humans.European heart journal · 2020Article
- T lymphocyte-targeted immune checkpoint modulation in glioma.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2020Review
- In vitro assays for effector T cell functions and activity of immunomodulatory antibodies.Methods in enzymology · 2020Article
- Characterization and Comparison of GITR Expression in Solid Tumors.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2019Article
- HERA-GITRL activates T cells and promotes anti-tumor efficacy independent of FcγR-binding functionality.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2019Article
- Soluble glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor regulates Helios expression in myasthenia gravis.Journal of translational medicine · 2019Article
- Rational design of anti-GITR-based combination immunotherapy.Nature medicine · 2019Article
- Reverse Signaling of Tumor Necrosis Factor Superfamily Proteins in Macrophages and Microglia: Superfamily Portrait in the Neuroimmune Interface.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Review
- Complete Clinical Remission of Stage IV Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Lung Metastasis Administering Low-Dose Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Combination With Hyperthermia and Interleukin-2.Integrative cancer therapies · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related (gitr) is a gene coding for a member of the TNF receptor superfamily. GITR activation by its ligand (GITRL) influences the activity of effector and regulatory T cells, thus participating in the development of immune response against tumours and infectious agents, as well as in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Notably, treating animals with GITR-Fc fusion protein ameliorates autoimmune/inflammatory diseases while GITR triggering, by treatment with anti-GITR mAb, is effective in treating viral, bacterial and parasitic infections, as well in boosting immune response against tumours. GITR modulation has been indicated as one of the top 25 most promising research areas by the American National Cancer Institute, and a clinical trial testing the efficacy of an anti-GITR mAb in melanoma patients has been started. In this review, we summarize results regarding: (i) the mechanisms by which GITRL/GITR system modulates immune response; (ii) the structural and functional studies clearly demonstrating differences between GITRL/GITR systems of mice and humans; (iii) the molecules with pharmacological activities including anti-GITR mAbs, GITR-Fc and GITRL-Fc fusion proteins, GITRL in monomer or multimer conformation; and (iv) the possible risks deriving from GITRL/GITR system pharmacological modulation. In conclusion, GITR triggering and inhibition could be useful in treating tumours, infectious diseases, as well as autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. However, differences between mouse and human GITRL/GITR systems suggest that further preclinical studies are needed to better understand how safe therapeutic results can be obtained and to design appropriate clinical trials.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.