ArticlePloS one2011
Inosine-containing RNA is a novel innate immune recognition element and reduces RSV infection.
Article in PloS one, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Role of Chemical Modifications in the Genome of Negative-Sense RNA Viruses on the Innate Immune Response.Viruses · 2025Review
- TL-532, a novel specific Toll-like receptor 3 agonist rationally designed for targeting cancers: discovery process and biological characterization.Microbial cell (Graz, Austria) · 2023Article
- Toward an Understanding of Extracellular tRNA Biology.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2021Article
- It's the Little Things (in Viral RNA).mBio · 2020Review
- Article
- Making the Mark: The Role of Adenosine Modifications in the Life Cycle of RNA Viruses.Cell host & microbe · 2017Review
- Understanding RNA modifications: the promises and technological bottlenecks of the 'epitranscriptome'.Open biology · 2017Review
- RAGE Enhances TLR Responses through Binding and Internalization of RNA.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2016Article
- What can pestiviral endonucleases teach us about innate immunotolerance?Cytokine & growth factor reviews · 2016Review
- Article
- Systems biology unravels interferon responses to respiratory virus infections.World journal of biological chemistry · 2014Review
- The dual role of scavenger receptor class A in development of diabetes in autoimmune NOD mice.PloS one · 2014Article
- Inosine-mediated modulation of RNA sensing by Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) and TLR8.Journal of virology · 2014Article
- Sensing microbial RNA in the cytosol.Frontiers in immunology · 2013Review
- CD11b/CD18 (Mac-1) is a novel surface receptor for extracellular double-stranded RNA to mediate cellular inflammatory responses.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
During viral infections, single- and double-stranded RNA (ssRNA and dsRNA) are recognized by the host and induce innate immune responses. The cellular enzyme ADAR-1 (adenosine deaminase acting on RNA-1) activation in virally infected cells leads to presence of inosine-containing RNA (Ino-RNA). Here we report that ss-Ino-RNA is a novel viral recognition element. We synthesized unmodified ssRNA and ssRNA that had 6% to16% inosine residues. The results showed that in primary human cells, or in mice, 10% ss-Ino-RNA rapidly and potently induced a significant increase in inflammatory cytokines, such as interferon (IFN)-β (35 fold), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (9.7 fold), and interleukin (IL)-6 (11.3 fold) (p<0.01). Flow cytometry data revealed a corresponding 4-fold increase in influx of neutrophils into the lungs by ss-Ino-RNA treatment. In our in vitro experiments, treatment of epithelial cells with ss-Ino-RNA reduced replication of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Interestingly, RNA structural analysis showed that ss-Ino-RNA had increased formation of secondary structures. Our data further revealed that extracellular ss-Ino-RNA was taken up by scavenger receptor class-A (SR-A) which activated downstream MAP Kinase pathways through Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and dsRNA-activated protein kinase (PKR). Our data suggests that ss-Ino-RNA is an as yet undescribed virus-associated innate immune stimulus.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.