SynthesisPloS one2011
Incidence of influenza in healthy adults and healthcare workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 144 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Uptake Among Health Care Workers Following Awareness and Availability of Influenza Vaccine Supply in Tertiary Care Hospitals, Bangladesh
Light-based Immunomodulation for Guarding Against Human Respiratory Tract Infections
Who cites it
144 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on influenza vaccination rates among healthcare workers and the general population in Saudi Arabia: A meta-analysis.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Pooled it
- Influenza vaccination rates among healthcare workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis investigating influencing factors.Frontiers in public health · 2023Pooled it
- Influenza vaccination for healthcare workers who care for people aged 60 or older living in long-term care institutions.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2016Pooled it
- Interventions to increase seasonal influenza vaccine coverage in healthcare workers: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2016Pooled it
- Healthcare workers' willingness to work during an influenza pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2015Pooled it
- Trial
- Effects of Heat-KilledNutrients · 2021Trial
- Functional and Binding H1N1pdm09-Specific Antibody Responses in Occasionally and Repeatedly Vaccinated Healthcare Workers: A Five-Year Study (2009-2014).Frontiers in immunology · 2021Trial
- Study of Healthcare Personnel with Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses in Israel (SHIRI): study protocol.BMC infectious diseases · 2018Trial
- Zanamivir versus trivalent split virus influenza vaccine: a pilot randomized trial.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2015Trial
- Article
- SALGINTR: development and early evaluation of a low-cost cloud-based digital participatory surveillance system for influenza-like Illness among physicians in Türkiye - a proof of concept.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Influenza Vaccination in Spain: Understanding the Impact of Suboptimal Coverage on Health, Society, and the Economy.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Dermcidin has antiviral activity and protects against influenza.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Influenza and COVID-19 Vaccination Coverage Among Health Care Personnel - United States, 2024-25 Respiratory Virus Season.MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report · 2026Article
- Article
- Healthcare Workers Have More Frequent and Less Severe Influenza-Like Illness Than Non-healthcare Workers: Findings From the PAIVED Study.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Influence of the Workplace on Influenza and COVID-19 Vaccination Acceptance Among Swiss Healthcare Workers During Season 2021/22.International journal of public health · 2026Article
- Estimating cumulative incidence from partially missing time series of respiratory viral infections.PloS one · 2026Article
- Postpandemic masking practices among health care personnel: beliefs, barriers, and opportunities for improving adherence in clinical settings.Antimicrobial stewardship & healthcare epidemiology : ASHE · 2026Article
84 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundWorking in healthcare is often considered a risk factor for influenza; however, this risk has not been quantified. We aimed to systematically review evidence describing the annual incidence of influenza among healthy adults and healthcare workers (HCWs). METHODS AND
findingsWe searched OVID MEDLINE (1950 to 2010), EMBASE (1947 to 2010) and reference lists of identified articles. Observational studies or randomized trials reporting full season or annual influenza infection rates for healthy, working age adult subjects and HCWs were included. Influenza infection was defined as a four-fold rise in antibody titer, or positive viral culture or polymerase chain reaction. From 24,707 citations, 29 studies covering 97 influenza seasons with 58,245 study participants were included. Pooled influenza incidence rates (IR) (95% confidence intervals (CI)) per 100 HCWs per season and corresponding incidence rate ratios (IRR) (95% CI) as compared to healthy adults were as follows. All infections: IR 18.7 (95% CI, 15.8 to 22.1), IRR 3.4 (95% CI, 1.2 to 5.7) in unvaccinated HCWs; IR 6.5 (95% CI, 4.6 to 9.1), IRR 5.4 (95% CI, 2.8 to 8.0) in vaccinated HCWs. Symptomatic infections: IR 7.5 (95% CI, 4.9 to 11.7), IRR 1.5 (95% CI, 0.4 to 2.5) in unvaccinated HCWs, IR 4.8 (95% CI, 3.2 to 7.2), IRR 1.6 (95% CI, 0.5 to 2.7) in vaccinated HCWs.
conclusionsCompared to adults working in non-healthcare settings, HCWs are at significantly higher risk of influenza.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.